My Way of Life: Superlatives va taqqoslash tuzilmalari
Superlative daraja nima?
Sifatlarning orttirma darajasi (superlative degree) uch va undan ortiq narsa ichida eng yuqori belgini ko'rsatadi. O'zbek tilidagi "eng" so'ziga to'g'ri keladi. Superlative oldida deyarli har doim the artikli turadi:
the + qisqa sifat + -est
the most + uzun sifat
- Aziz is the tallest student in our class.
- This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
- Health is the most important thing in my way of life.
Imlo qoidalari comparative bilan bir xil: nice - the nicest, big - the biggest, happy - the happiest. Noto'g'ri sifatlar: good - the best, bad - the worst, far - the farthest / the furthest, little - the least, many/much - the most.
in yoki of?
- Joy va guruh nomlari bilan in: the best student in the class, the largest city in Uzbekistan.
- Davr va to'plam bilan of: the happiest day of my life, the hottest month of the year.
Uch darajaning qiyosiy jadvali (contrastive analysis)
Quyidagi jadval o'zbek va ingliz tillaridagi taqqoslash tizimini yonma-yon ko'rsatadi:
| Daraja | O'zbek tili | Ingliz (qisqa sifat) | Ingliz (uzun sifat) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oddiy | baland / qiziqarli | tall | interesting |
| Qiyosiy | balandroq (undan) | taller than | more interesting than |
| Orttirma | eng baland | the tallest | the most interesting |
Asosiy farq: o'zbek tilida bitta universal qo'shimcha (-roq) va bitta so'z (eng) bor, artikl esa umuman yo'q. Ingliz tilida sifatning uzun-qisqaligi qolipni belgilaydi va superlative oldida the majburiy.
Boshqa taqqoslash tuzilmalari
as ... as / not as ... as
as + sifat (oddiy daraja) + as
- My brother is as tall as my father. (Otam bilan bo'yi teng.)
- Village life is not as stressful as city life. (Shahar hayotichalik asabiy emas.)
less / the least
- This phone is less expensive than that one. (kamroq qimmat = arzonroq)
- Walking is the least tiring kind of exercise.
The + comparative, the + comparative
- The more you practise, the better your English becomes. (Qancha ko'p mashq qilsangiz, shuncha yaxshi bo'ladi.)
- The earlier you get up, the more you can do.
Tipik xatolar (interferensiya)
- Artikl tushib qoladi (o'zbek tilida artikl yo'q). Noto'g'ri: He is best student in our school. -> To'g'ri: He is the best student in our school.
- Ikki marta orttirma daraja. Noto'g'ri: the most tallest, the most easiest -> To'g'ri: the tallest, the easiest.
- "hammasidan" = from all emas. Noto'g'ri: She is the cleverest from all. -> To'g'ri: She is the cleverest of all.
- in o'rniga of yoki aksincha. Noto'g'ri: the biggest city of Uzbekistan -> To'g'ri: the biggest city in Uzbekistan.
- as ... as ichida comparative ishlatilmaydi. Noto'g'ri: as taller as -> To'g'ri: as tall as.
Maslahat: superlative ko'rgan zahoti o'zingizdan ikki narsani so'rang: "the" bormi? va -est bilan most birga kelmayaptimi? Shu ikki tekshiruv xatolarning 80 foizini oldini oladi.