Kirish: Call the Police!

Tasavvur qiling: kecha soat 19:00 da siz do'stingiz bilan telefonda gaplashib turgan edingiz. Aynan shu payt kimdir sumkangizni o'g'irlab ketdi. Politsiyaga qo'ng'iroq qildingiz va ular so'rashdi: "What were you doing when the thief stole your bag?" Bu vaziyatni ingliz tilida to'g'ri tasvirlash uchun bizga ikkita zamon kerak: Past Simple (tugagan, qisqa harakat) va Past Continuous (o'sha paytda davom etayotgan harakat).

I was talking on the phone when somebody stole my bag. - Men telefonda gaplashib turgan edim, shu payt kimdir sumkamni o'g'irladi.

1-bo'lim. Past Simple - o'tgan zamon oddiy shakli

Past Simple o'tmishda boshlanib tugagan, ko'pincha qisqa yoki ketma-ket harakatlarni bildiradi. Aniq vaqt ko'rsatkichlari bilan keladi: yesterday, last night, two hours ago, in 2024, at 7 o'clock.

Darak gap: Ega + V2 (fe'lning 2-shakli / -ed)

Inkor gap: Ega + did not (didn't) + V1

So'roq gap: Did + ega + V1?

• The thief ran away and jumped into a car. - O'g'ri qochib ketdi va mashinaga sakrab chiqdi.
• I called the police at 7:05. - Men soat 7:05 da politsiyani chaqirdim.
• The police didn't find the thief that night. - Politsiya o'sha kechasi o'g'rini topa olmadi.
• Did you see his face? - Siz uning yuzini ko'rdingizmi?

Eslatma: Noto'g'ri fe'llar (irregular verbs) -ed qo'shimchasini olmaydi, ularning maxsus 2-shakli bor: steal - stole, run - ran, see - saw, take - took, come - came. Detektiv hikoyalarda aynan shu fe'llar eng ko'p uchraydi, ularni yodlab oling!

2-bo'lim. Past Continuous - o'tgan zamon davom shakli

Past Continuous o'tmishdagi aniq bir paytda davom etayotgan harakatni bildiradi. U voqea sodir bo'lgan paytdagi "fon" - manzara, holat va uzoq davom etgan jarayonlarni tasvirlaydi.

Darak gap: Ega + was / were + V-ing

Inkor gap: Ega + wasn't / weren't + V-ing

So'roq gap: Was / Were + ega + V-ing?

• At 7 p.m. I was talking on the phone. - Soat 19:00 da men telefonda gaplashayotgan edim.
• It was raining and people were hurrying home. - Yomg'ir yog'ayotgan edi va odamlar uylariga shoshilayotgan edi.
• Two men were standing near the bank. - Ikki kishi bank yonida turgan edi.
• Was he wearing a black jacket? - U qora kurtka kiyib olganmidi?

Muhim: I / he / she / it bilan was, you / we / they bilan were ishlatiladi.

3-bo'lim. Vaqt chizig'i (Timeline): ikki zamon qanday uchrashadi?

Vaqt chizig'ini tasavvur qiling. Past Continuous - bu chiziq ustidagi uzun to'lqinli chiziq (davom etayotgan harakat), Past Simple esa - uni kesib o'tuvchi nuqta (qisqa voqea).

~~~~~ was talking ~~~~~ X (stole) ~~~~~

1. Uzilgan harakat (interrupted action): uzun harakat davom etayotganda qisqa voqea sodir bo'ladi. Uzun harakat - Past Continuous, qisqa voqea - Past Simple. While I was walking home, I saw the robbery. - Uyga ketayotganimda o'g'irlikni ko'rib qoldim.
2. Bir paytdagi ikki davomli harakat: ikkalasi ham Past Continuous. While the thief was running, his friend was waiting in the car. - O'g'ri yugurayotgan paytda sherigi mashinada kutib turgan edi.
3. Ketma-ket harakatlar zanjiri: hammasi Past Simple. The thief grabbed the bag, ran to the car and drove away. - O'g'ri sumkani yulqib oldi, mashinaga yugurdi va haydab ketdi.

When odatda qisqa voqea (Past Simple) oldidan, while esa davomli harakat (Past Continuous) oldidan keladi:

• I was sleeping when the phone rang.
• While I was sleeping, the phone rang.

4-bo'lim. Taqqoslash jadvali

5-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)

Ona tilimiz ta'sirida quyidagi xatolar tez-tez uchraydi. Ularni "noto'g'ri - to'g'ri" juftliklarda o'rganamiz:

1. "Edi" ta'sirida hamma joyda was/were ishlatish. O'zbekchada "ko'rdim" ham, "ko'rayotgan edim" ham o'tgan zamon, shuning uchun o'quvchilar Past Simple kerak joyda was qo'shib yuboradi. Noto'g'ri: I was see the thief yesterday. To'g'ri: I saw the thief yesterday.
2. Did dan keyin fe'lning 2-shaklini takrorlash. Noto'g'ri: Did you called the police? To'g'ri: Did you call the police? - did allaqachon o'tgan zamonni ko'rsatadi, fe'l 1-shaklda qoladi.
3. Inkorda ham xuddi shu xato. Noto'g'ri: He didn't came home. To'g'ri: He didn't come home.
4. Past Continuous da was/were ni tushirib qoldirish. O'zbekchada "gaplashayotgan edim" bitta so'z shaklida ifodalanadi, shuning uchun yordamchi fe'l unutiladi. Noto'g'ri: I talking on the phone at 7 p.m. To'g'ri: I was talking on the phone at 7 p.m.
5. Was/were ni noto'g'ri tanlash. Noto'g'ri: They was running away. To'g'ri: They were running away.
6. Holat fe'llarini (state verbs) davom shaklida ishlatish. know, want, like, believe, understand kabi fe'llar odatda -ing olmaydi. Noto'g'ri: I was knowing the answer. To'g'ri: I knew the answer.
7. When/while ni aralashtirish. Noto'g'ri: While I opened the door, the phone was ringing all evening. To'g'ri: When I opened the door, the phone was ringing.

Maslahat: gapni o'qishdan oldin o'zingizga savol bering: bu harakat "nuqta"mi (X) yoki "chiziq"mi (~~~)? Nuqta bo'lsa - Past Simple, chiziq bo'lsa - Past Continuous. Vaqt chizig'ini daftaringizga chizib oling - bu eng ishonchli usul!

6-bo'lim. Grammar reformulation - qayta ifodalash mashqi

Reformulation - bu bir xil voqeani boshqa grammatik qolip bilan qayta aytish. Bu usul zamonlar farqini chuqur his qilishga yordam beradi. Quyidagi juft gaplarni solishtiring:

• A: The thief stole my bag while I was talking on the phone. B: I was talking on the phone when the thief stole my bag. - Ma'no bir xil, lekin urg'u o'zgardi.
• A: When the police arrived, the men were fighting. (Politsiya kelganda janjal davom etayotgan edi.) B: When the police arrived, the men fought. (Politsiya kelgach, erkaklar janjallashishni boshladi.) - Bu yerda zamon o'zgarishi ma'noni butunlay o'zgartiradi!
• A: While the witness was describing the thief, the officer was taking notes. B: The witness described the thief, and then the officer took notes. - A da harakatlar parallel, B da ketma-ket.

Mashq qiling: quyidagi gaplarni ko'rsatilgan so'z bilan qayta ifodalang, ma'noni saqlang:

1. I was cooking dinner. The lights went out. (while) - While I was cooking dinner, the lights went out.
2. The alarm rang. The guard was sleeping. (when) - The guard was sleeping when the alarm rang.
3. She saw the accident. She was waiting for the bus. (while) - She saw the accident while she was waiting for the bus.

7-bo'lim. Yakuniy timeline topshirig'i

Politsiya bayonnomasi uchun kechagi voqeani tiklang. Qavs ichidagi fe'llarni to'g'ri zamonda qo'ying:

1. At 6:45 p.m. Aziza ___ (walk) home from the library.
2. It ___ (rain) and the street ___ (be) almost empty.
3. Suddenly a man ___ (run) past her and ___ (grab) her bag.
4. While he ___ (run) away, another man ___ (wait) for him on a motorbike.
5. Aziza ___ (shout) "Call the police!" and a shopkeeper ___ (phone) them immediately.
6. When the police ___ (arrive), the witnesses still ___ (stand) near the shop.

Javoblar: 1) was walking; 2) was raining, was; 3) ran, grabbed; 4) was running, was waiting; 5) shouted, phoned; 6) arrived, were standing.

Yakuniy eslatma: hikoya qilayotganda fon va manzarani Past Continuous bilan chizing, asosiy voqealar zanjirini esa Past Simple bilan bayon qiling. Shunda hikoyangiz xuddi kino kadrlaridek jonli chiqadi.