Getting On: Have to, Must, Should (B2)
Kirish: modal fe'llar nima?
Modal fe'llar ish-harakatning o'ziga emas, unga bo'lgan munosabatga ishora qiladi: majburiyat, zarurat, maslahat. Bu darsda "Getting On" (odamlar bilan chiqishish, jamiyatda o'zini tutish) mavzusi orqali uchta modal fe'lni o'rganamiz: must, have to va should.
Umumiy qolip juda sodda:
Subject + modal + V1 (fe'lning asosiy shakli, TO'siz)
Faqat have to bundan mustasno - unda to qolipning bir qismi: Subject + have to / has to + V1
Must - kuchli majburiyat (gapiruvchining fikri)
Must gapiruvchi o'zi muhim deb hisoblagan qat'iy majburiyatni yoki qoidani bildiradi:
- You must respect your elders. (Kattalarni hurmat qilishing shart - bu mening qat'iy fikrim.)
- Students must switch off their phones during the exam. (Rasmiy qoida.)
- I must call my grandmother tonight. (O'zimga o'zim qo'ygan majburiyat.)
Inkor shakli mustn't - taqiqni bildiradi: You mustn't be rude to your classmates. (Qo'pol bo'lish MUMKIN EMAS.)
Have to - tashqi majburiyat (qoida, qonun, vaziyat)
Have to majburiyat tashqaridan kelganda ishlatiladi - qonun, maktab qoidasi, ota-ona talabi:
- I have to wear a uniform at school. (Maktab qoidasi, mening xohishim emas.)
- She has to look after her little brother every evening. (Oilaviy vaziyat.)
- Do you have to get up early tomorrow? (Savol do/does bilan yasaladi.)
O'tgan zamonda must ishlatilmaydi - uning o'rnini had to egallaydi: Yesterday I had to apologise to my friend.
Mustn't va don't have to - eng katta farq!
Bu juftlik B2 darajadagi eng muhim nuqta. Shakli o'xshasa ham, ma'nosi butunlay boshqa:
| Shakl | Ma'nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| mustn't | taqiq - qilish MUMKIN EMAS | You mustn't shout at people. (Baqirish taqiqlangan.) |
| don't have to | zarurat yo'q - qilmasa ham bo'ladi | You don't have to bring a gift. (Sovg'a olib kelish shart emas, lekin xohlasang mumkin.) |
Should - maslahat va tavsiya
Should yumshoq maslahat, tavsiya yoki to'g'ri deb hisoblangan ishni bildiradi:
- You should listen more and argue less. (Maslahat.)
- He shouldn't ignore his friends' messages. (Salbiy maslahat.)
- Should I say sorry first? (Maslahat so'rash.)
Kuch darajasi bo'yicha taqqoslang: should (maslahat) < have to (tashqi majburiyat) < must (qat'iy majburiyat)
O'zbek o'quvchilariga xos tipik xatolar (interferensiya)
Ona tilimizda "borishim kerak", "borishga majburman" kabi qo'shimchali shakllar bo'lgani uchun quyidagi xatolar tez-tez uchraydi:
- Noto'g'ri: I must to go home. -> To'g'ri: I must go home. (Must'dan keyin TO ishlatilmaydi.)
- Noto'g'ri: She musts help her mother. -> To'g'ri: She must help her mother. (Modal fe'lga -s qo'shilmaydi.)
- Noto'g'ri: He have to wear a suit. -> To'g'ri: He has to wear a suit. (3-shaxs birlikda has to.)
- Noto'g'ri: You don't must smoke here. -> To'g'ri: You mustn't smoke here. (Must inkorda do bilan qo'shilmaydi.)
- Noto'g'ri: You should to be polite. -> To'g'ri: You should be polite. (Should'dan keyin ham TO yo'q.)
- Noto'g'ri: You mustn't pay - it's free. -> To'g'ri: You don't have to pay - it's free. (Zarurat yo'qligi don't have to bilan aytiladi.)
Eslatma: Modal fe'ldan keyin doim fe'lning ASOSIY shakli keladi (to'siz, -s'siz, -ed'siz). O'zbekcha "-ishim kerak" tarjimasidagi "-ish" sizni aldamasin: inglizchada "to" faqat have to qolipida bor. Ikkilanib qolsangiz, o'zingizga savol bering: majburiyat kimdan kelyapti? Mendan bo'lsa - must, tashqaridan bo'lsa - have to, shunchaki maslahat bo'lsa - should.
Role-play topshiriqlari (juftlikda ishlang)
- Yangi o'quvchi: A - sinfga yangi kelgan o'quvchi, B - sinf sardori. B maktab qoidalarini tushuntiradi (kamida 3 ta have to, 2 ta mustn't): "You have to arrive by 8 o'clock. You mustn't use your phone in class..."
- Do'stlar orasidagi kelishmovchilik: A do'sti bilan urishib qoldi, B maslahat beradi (kamida 4 ta should/shouldn't): "You should talk to him calmly. You shouldn't wait too long..."
- Oilaviy suhbat: A - farzand, mehmonga bormoqchi. B - ota yoki ona, shartlarni qo'yadi (must, have to, don't have to aralash): "You must be home by 9. You don't have to call me every hour, but you must answer my messages."
Modal verb substitution - almashtirish mashqi
Ajratilgan qismni mos modal fe'l bilan almashtiring, gap ma'nosini saqlang:
- It is necessary for me to finish this project today. -> I have to finish this project today.
- It's a good idea to apologise when you are wrong. -> You should apologise when you are wrong.
- It is forbidden to interrupt people all the time. -> You mustn't interrupt people all the time.
- It isn't necessary to agree with everyone. -> You don't have to agree with everyone.
- It was necessary for us to leave early yesterday. -> We had to leave early yesterday.
- I strongly believe it is my duty to help my parents. -> I must help my parents.