Kirish: nega kinoda nisbiy gaplar kerak?

Filmni ta'riflab bering-chi: "Men bir film ko'rdim. Film juda qiziq edi. Filmni mashhur rejissyor suratga olgan." Uchta kalta gap - xuddi uzilib qolgan kadrlar kabi. Nisbiy ergash gaplar (relative clauses) ularni bitta silliq "sahna"ga birlashtiradi: I watched a film which was directed by a famous director and which I found really exciting. "On Screen" darsida biz ana shu bog'lash san'atini o'rganamiz.

Bosh gap + relative pronoun (who / which / that / whose / where...) + ergash gap

Nisbiy olmoshlar: kim kimni bog'laydi?

Defining relative clauses - ajralmas ma'lumot

Defining (aniqlovchi) ergash gap qaysi odam yoki narsa haqida gap ketayotganini aniqlab beradi. Uni olib tashlasangiz, gap ma'nosi yo'qoladi:

• The actor who trained for a year did all his own stunts. (Qaysi aktyor? - bir yil mashq qilgani.)
• Films that make people think stay in our memory longer. (Qanday filmlar? - o'ylantiradigan filmlar.)

Muhim: defining ergash gapda vergul ishlatilmaydi va who/which o'rnida that erkin ishlatiladi.

Non-defining relative clauses - qo'shimcha ma'lumot

Non-defining ergash gap shunchaki qo'shimcha izoh beradi - uni olib tashlasangiz ham gap tushunarli qoladi. U doim vergul bilan ajratiladi:

• Zulfiya Askarova, who starred in my favourite series, is giving a masterclass next week.
• The film was shot in Khiva, which looks magical in the evening light.

Ikkita qat'iy qoida: non-defining gapda that ishlatilmaydi va olmoshni tushirib qoldirib bo'lmaydi.

Vergul ma'noni o'zgartiradi!

• My brother who lives in Tashkent works in television. (Vergulsiz: akalarim bir nechta, Toshkentdagisi haqida gapiryapman.)
• My brother, who lives in Tashkent, works in television. (Vergul bilan: akam bitta, Toshkentda yashashi - shunchaki qo'shimcha ma'lumot.)

Olmoshni tushirib qoldirish (omission)

Defining ergash gapda olmosh to'ldiruvchi vazifasida bo'lsa (undan keyin ega kelsa), uni tushirib qoldirish mumkin:

• The film (that) we watched last night was based on a true story. (We - ega, shuning uchun that ixtiyoriy.)
• The actress (who) I admire most never gives interviews.

Lekin olmosh ega bo'lsa, tushirib bo'lmaydi: The film that won the Oscar... (that - ega, qoladi!)

O'zbek o'quvchilariga xos tipik xatolar (interferensiya)

Ona tilimizda "men ko'rgan film" qolipi olmoshsiz yasalgani va "...ni" qo'shimchasi saqlangani uchun quyidagi xatolar uchraydi:

• Noto'g'ri: The film which I saw it yesterday was fantastic. -> To'g'ri: The film which I saw yesterday was fantastic. (Olmosh which allaqachon "filmni" bildiradi - it ortiqcha. Bu eng keng tarqalgan xato!)
• Noto'g'ri: The man which directed this film is my neighbour. -> To'g'ri: The man who directed this film... (Odamlar uchun who.)
• Noto'g'ri: I have a friend his father is a cameraman. -> To'g'ri: I have a friend whose father is a cameraman. (Egalik whose bilan.)
• Noto'g'ri: Titanic, that came out in 1997, is still popular. -> To'g'ri: Titanic, which came out in 1997, is still popular. (Non-defining gapda that ishlatilmaydi.)
• Noto'g'ri: This is the studio which my sister works. -> To'g'ri: This is the studio where my sister works. (Joy ma'nosida where yoki which... in.)
• Noto'g'ri: The actor, who plays the villain, is very kind in real life. (Agar qaysi aktyor ekani aynan shu gap bilan aniqlanayotgan bo'lsa) -> To'g'ri: The actor who plays the villain is very kind in real life. (Aniqlovchi ma'lumot vergulsiz yoziladi.)

Eslatma - "olib tashlash" testi: Ergash gapni yopib ko'ring. Gap hali ham aniq va mantiqiy bo'lsa (kim yoki nima haqidaligi tushunarli qolsa) - bu non-defining, vergul qo'ying va that ishlatmang. Gap ma'nosiz yoki noaniq bo'lib qolsa - bu defining, vergul kerak emas. Va yodda tuting: which yoki who'dan keyin o'sha narsani yana bir marta atamang (it, him, them...) - olmoshning o'zi shu vazifani bajaradi.

Sentence combining - gaplarni birlashtirish mashqlari

A. Ikkita gapni bitta gapga aylantiring

1. I met an actor. He starred in three blockbusters. -> I met an actor who starred in three blockbusters.
2. We visited the studio. Uzbek cartoons are made there. -> We visited the studio where Uzbek cartoons are made.
3. She recommended a documentary. Its director spent two years in the Aral Sea region. -> She recommended a documentary whose director spent two years in the Aral Sea region.
4. The series has twenty episodes. Everyone is talking about it. -> The series (that) everyone is talking about has twenty episodes.
5. Christopher Nolan made the film Inception. He rarely uses computer effects. -> Christopher Nolan, who rarely uses computer effects, made the film Inception.

B. To'g'ri variantni tanlang va sababini ayting

1. The cinema ___ we bought tickets was full. (where / which) -> where (joy ma'nosi).
2. Avatar, ___ cost a huge amount of money, broke all records. (that / which) -> which (non-defining, verguldan keyin that bo'lmaydi).
3. The screenwriter ___ ideas seemed too strange finally won an award. (whose / who's) -> whose (egalik olmoshi; who's = who is).

C. Xatoni toping va tuzating

1. The trailer which we watched it online was better than the film. -> it olib tashlanadi.
2. Actors which forget their lines have to repeat the scene. -> which -> who.
3. My cousin, that works as an editor, cut our school video. -> that -> who.