The Written Word - Reported Speech (O'zlashtirma gap)

Muallif: Amirqulova Dilnoza Bahriddinovna · grammind.uz

Kirish: The Written Word - yozma so'zning kuchi

Gazetalar, kitoblar, intervyular va hatto Telegram xabarlari - hammasida biz boshqa odamlarning gaplarini uzatamiz. Jurnalist prezidentning so'zlarini yozadi, yozuvchi qahramonining gapini keltiradi, siz esa do'stingizga o'qituvchi nima deganini aytib berasiz. Buning ikki yo'li bor:

Direct speech (ko'chirma gap): so'zlarni aynan, qo'shtirnoq ichida berish. The teacher said, "The exam is tomorrow."
Indirect / Reported speech (o'zlashtirma gap): so'zlarni o'z gapimiz ichiga qo'shib, moslab berish. The teacher said that the exam was the next day.

Qiziqarli fakt: ingliz tilidagi gazeta maqolalarining qariyb yarmi aynan reported speech qoliplaridan tuzilgan - "the minister said that...", "scientists reported that...", "the company announced that...". Shuning uchun bu mavzuni bilmasdan birorta inglizcha yangilikni to'liq tushunib bo'lmaydi.

1-bo'lim. Asosiy qoida: zamonlar siljishi (backshift)

Muallif gapi o'tgan zamonda bo'lsa (said, told, asked), ko'chirma gapdagi zamon bir qadam orqaga siljiydi. Bu hodisa backshift deb ataladi.

Direct: X said, "gap" -> Reported: X said (that) + gap (zamon bir qadam orqaga)

Direct speech	Reported speech	Misol
Present Simple	Past Simple	"I write every day." -> He said he wrote every day.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	"I am reading." -> She said she was reading.
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	"I have finished." -> He said he had finished.
Past Simple	Past Perfect	"I saw the film." -> She said she had seen the film.
will	would	"I will help." -> He said he would help.
can	could	"I can swim." -> She said she could swim.
must	had to	"I must go." -> He said he had to go.
may	might	"It may rain." -> They said it might rain.

Eslatma: agar gap hozir ham to'g'ri bo'lgan umumiy haqiqat bo'lsa, zamonni siljitmasa ham bo'ladi: The teacher said that the Earth goes round the Sun. Ilmiy faktlar, odatlar va hali ham dolzarb ma'lumotlarda backshift ixtiyoriy.

2-bo'lim. Olmoshlar, vaqt va joy so'zlarining o'zgarishi

Gap boshqa odam nomidan uzatilganda nafaqat zamon, balki nuqtai nazar ham o'zgaradi: "men" endi "u" bo'ladi, "bugun" esa "o'sha kuni" bo'ladi.

I -> he / she: "I am tired." -> He said he was tired.
my -> his / her: "This is my book." -> She said it was her book.
now -> then (hozir -> o'shanda)
today -> that day (bugun -> o'sha kuni)
tomorrow -> the next day / the following day (ertaga -> ertasi kuni)
yesterday -> the day before / the previous day (kecha -> bir kun oldin)
here -> there; this -> that; ago -> before

Misol: Aziza said, "I will send the essay tomorrow." -> Aziza said that she would send the essay the next day.

3-bo'lim. Savol gaplarni uzatish (reported questions)

Savolni uzatganda ikkita muhim o'zgarish bo'ladi: so'roq tartibi yo'qoladi (gap darak gap tartibiga qaytadi) va so'roq belgisi qo'yilmaydi.

Wh-savol: asked + wh-so'z + ega + fe'l

Umumiy savol: asked + if / whether + ega + fe'l

"Where do you live?" -> He asked where I lived. (asked where did I live EMAS!)
"What are you writing?" -> She asked what I was writing.
"Did you read my article?" -> The editor asked if I had read his article.
"Can you help me?" -> She asked whether I could help her.

4-bo'lim. Buyruq va iltimoslarni uzatish

Buyruq va iltimoslar uchun eng sodda qolip ishlatiladi - infinitiv bilan:

Buyruq: told + kishi + to + V1

Inkor buyruq: told + kishi + not to + V1

Iltimos: asked + kishi + to + V1

"Open your books." -> The teacher told us to open our books.
"Don't be late!" -> Mum told me not to be late.
"Please help me with the report." -> He asked me to help him with the report.

5-bo'lim. Say yoki tell? O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari

Ona tilimizda "aytmoq" fe'li ikkala vaziyatda ham ishlatiladi ("u aytdi" va "u menga aytdi"), shuning uchun say/tell tanlashda ko'p xato qilamiz. Qoida oddiy: tell dan keyin doim kimga aytilgani keladi, say dan keyin kelmaydi.

say (that) ... / say to somebody

tell somebody (that) ... / tell somebody to do something

Noto'g'ri: He said me the truth. To'g'ri: He told me the truth.
Noto'g'ri: She told that she was busy. To'g'ri: She said that she was busy. (yoki: She told me that she was busy.)
Noto'g'ri: The teacher asked to me a question. To'g'ri: The teacher asked me a question. (ask dan keyin to kelmaydi)
Noto'g'ri: He asked where was the library. To'g'ri: He asked where the library was. (o'zlashtirma savolda darak gap tartibi!)
Noto'g'ri: She said that she is coming yesterday. To'g'ri: She said that she was coming the day before. (backshift + vaqt so'zi o'zgarishi)
Noto'g'ri: Did he said he would come? To'g'ri: Did he say he would come? (did dan keyin V1)
Noto'g'ri: The teacher told to open the books. To'g'ri: The teacher told us to open the books. (tell dan keyin kishi shart)

Maslahat: gapni uzatishdan oldin o'zingizga uchta savol bering: 1) Zamon bir qadam orqaga siljidimi? 2) Olmoshlar va vaqt so'zlari yangi nuqtai nazarga mosladimi? 3) Savol bo'lsa - so'z tartibi darak gapga qaytdimi? Uchala javob "ha" bo'lsa, gapingiz to'g'ri.

6-bo'lim. Qiziqarli ma'lumotlar: reported speech hayotda qayerda uchraydi?

Jurnalistikada: ingliz gazetalarida "quote" (aynan ko'chirma) faqat eng muhim so'zlar uchun saqlanadi, qolgan hamma narsa reported speech bilan beriladi. BBC uslubiy qo'llanmasi jurnalistlardan aynan shuni talab qiladi.
Reporting fe'llari boyligi: said dan tashqari ingliz tilida yuzlab aniqroq fe'llar bor: admit (tan olmoq), deny (inkor qilmoq), promise (va'da bermoq), warn (ogohlantirmoq), suggest (taklif qilmoq), complain (shikoyat qilmoq). Masalan: He admitted that he had broken the window. - Bu "He said" dan ancha aniqroq.
Adabiyotda: yozuvchilar qahramon xayolini berish uchun maxsus aralash usul - free indirect speech ishlatadi. Jeyn Ostin va Charlz Dikkens bu usulning ustalari hisoblanadi.
Rasmiy hujjatlarda: majlis bayonnomalari (minutes) deyarli to'liq reported speech da yoziladi: "The chairman said that the project had been completed."

7-bo'lim. Amaliyot: direct -> indirect aylantirish mashqi

Quyidagi gaplarni o'zlashtirma gapga aylantiring, keyin javoblar bilan solishtiring:

"I am writing an article now," the journalist said.
"We visited the museum yesterday," they said.
"Have you finished your essay?" the teacher asked me.
"Where does Aziza live?" he asked.
"Don't forget your dictionary," Mum said to me.
"I will publish the story next week," the editor said.

Javoblar:

The journalist said that he was writing an article then.
They said that they had visited the museum the day before.
The teacher asked me if I had finished my essay.
He asked where Aziza lived.
Mum told me not to forget my dictionary.
The editor said that he would publish the story the following week.

Yakuniy eslatma: reported speech - bu shunchaki grammatik qoida emas, balki boshqa odamning so'zini halol va aniq uzatish madaniyati. Yozma ishlaringizda (essay, maqola) manbaga ishora qilib gap uzatishni o'rgansangiz, akademik yozuvning eng muhim ko'nikmasini egallagan bo'lasiz.