Kirish: Seeing is Believing - ko'rgan narsangga ishonasan

Muzeyga kirasiz va yozuvni o'qiysiz: "This portrait was painted in 1503." Samarqandda gid aytadi: "The Registan was built by the best architects of Central Asia." Nima uchun bu gaplarda kim chizgani yoki kim qurgani gap boshida turmaydi? Chunki bizni harakatni bajargan kishi emas, harakat natijasi qiziqtiradi: portret, obida, kashfiyot. Aynan shunday holatlar uchun ingliz tilida Passive Voice (majhul nisbat) ishlatiladi.

Solishtiring:

• Active: Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. - Diqqat rassomda.
• Passive: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. - Diqqat asarda.

Qiziqarli fakt: muzey yorliqlari, ensiklopediyalar, yangiliklar va ilmiy maqolalarning katta qismi passiv qoliplarda yoziladi, chunki ularda "nima qilindi" savoli "kim qildi" savolidan muhimroq. IELTS Writing Task 1 da jarayonlarni tasvirlash ham deyarli to'liq passiv nisbatda bo'ladi.

1-bo'lim. Yasalishi: was / were + V3

Past Simple Passive juda sodda qolipga ega: yordamchi fe'l was/were va asosiy fe'lning 3-shakli (V3 / Past Participle).

Darak gap: Ega + was / were + V3

Inkor gap: Ega + wasn't / weren't + V3

So'roq gap: Was / Were + ega + V3?

• The first photograph was taken in 1826. - Birinchi fotosurat 1826-yilda olingan.
• These mosaics were made by hand. - Bu mozaikalar qo'lda ishlangan.
• The painting wasn't sold at the auction. - Kartina auksionda sotilmadi.
• Was the museum built in the 15th century? - Muzey XV asrda qurilganmi?

Muhim: birlikda was, ko'plikda were ishlatiladi: The photo was taken. The photos were taken.

Eslatma: V3 ni V2 bilan adashtirmang! To'g'ri fe'llarda ular bir xil (painted - painted), lekin noto'g'ri fe'llarda farq qiladi: write - wrote - written, take - took - taken, build - built - built, steal - stole - stolen. Passivda DOIM V3: was written (was wrote EMAS).

2-bo'lim. Qayta qurish (reconstruction): active -> passive uch qadamda

Har qanday active gapni passivga aylantirish uchun uchta qadam yetarli:

1. 1-qadam: active gapning to'ldiruvchisini (object) yangi gapning egasi qiling. Somebody stole the painting. -> The painting ...
2. 2-qadam: fe'lni was/were + V3 shakliga o'tkazing (yangi egaga moslab). The painting was stolen ...
3. 3-qadam: kerak bo'lsa, harakatni bajaruvchini by bilan oxiriga qo'shing. The painting was stolen (by a thief).

Yana misollar:

• Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. -> Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
• They built the Registan in Samarkand. -> The Registan was built in Samarkand.
• Millions of people watched the film. -> The film was watched by millions of people.

3-bo'lim. By-agent: qachon kerak, qachon ortiqcha?

By + bajaruvchi faqat u haqiqatan muhim yangi ma'lumot bo'lgandagina qo'shiladi:

• Kerak: The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. - Muallif nomi asosiy ma'lumot.
• Kerak emas: My bag was stolen yesterday. - Kim o'g'irlagani noma'lum, "by somebody" yozish ortiqcha.
• Kerak emas: English is spoken here. - Umumiy odamlar nazarda tutilgan, "by people" ortiqcha.

Statistika shuni ko'rsatadiki, real matnlardagi passiv gaplarning taxminan 80 foizida by-agent umuman ishlatilmaydi - bajaruvchi noma'lum, ahamiyatsiz yoki kontekstdan ravshan bo'ladi.

4-bo'lim. Active va Passive taqqoslash jadvali

5-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)

O'zbek tilida majhul nisbat -il/-in qo'shimchasi bilan bitta so'z ichida yasaladi (qurildi, chizildi), yordamchi fe'l yo'q. Shu farq quyidagi xatolarga olib keladi:

1. Was/were ni tushirib qoldirish. "Qurildi" bitta so'z bo'lgani uchun o'quvchi was ni unutadi. Noto'g'ri: The bridge built in 1900. To'g'ri: The bridge was built in 1900.
2. V3 o'rniga V2 ishlatish. Noto'g'ri: The letter was wrote by Navoi. To'g'ri: The letter was written by Navoi.
3. O'timsiz fe'llarni passiv qilish. Happen, die, arrive, come kabi fe'llarning to'ldiruvchisi yo'q, ular passiv bo'lolmaydi. Noto'g'ri: The accident was happened last night. To'g'ri: The accident happened last night.
4. By o'rniga from ishlatish. "Tomonidan" ni tarjima qilishda adashiladi. Noto'g'ri: This poem was written from Zulfiya. To'g'ri: This poem was written by Zulfiya.
5. So'roqda was/were ni joyida qoldirish. Noto'g'ri: The mosque was built when? yoki When the mosque was built? To'g'ri: When was the mosque built?
6. Ikki marta o'tgan zamon belgisi. Noto'g'ri: The window was broke yesterday. To'g'ri: The window was broken yesterday.

Maslahat: passiv gap tuzishdan oldin fe'lning uchala shaklini eslang (masalan: steal - stole - stolen) va o'zingizga ayting: "was/were + UCHINCHI shakl". Gapni tekshirishning oson yo'li - unga xayolan "kim tomonidandir" so'zini qo'shib ko'ring: ma'no buzilmasa, passiv to'g'ri qurilgan.

6-bo'lim. Qiziqarli ma'lumotlar: tarix passiv gaplarda gapiradi

• The first photograph was taken by Joseph Niepce in 1826 - suratga olish sakkiz soat davom etgan!
• The Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre in 1911. Kartina ikki yildan keyin topildi va aynan shu o'g'irlik uni dunyodagi eng mashhur asarga aylantirdi.
• Penicillin was discovered by accident in 1928, when Fleming's laboratory was left untidy during his holiday.
• The Registan madrasahs were decorated with millions of hand-made tiles. Ularning ranglari besh asrdan beri deyarli o'zgarmagan.
• The word "robot" was first used in 1920 in a play by Karel Capek - ya'ni so'zning o'zi ham "ixtiro qilingan".

E'tibor bering: bu faktlarning hammasi tabiiy ravishda passiv qolipda aytiladi, chunki bizni natija qiziqtiradi. Seeing is believing - dalillarning o'zi passiv gaplarda "ko'rinib" turibdi!

7-bo'lim. Amaliyot: gaplarni qayta quring

Quyidagi active gaplarni passivga aylantiring (kerak bo'lsa by-agent qo'shing), so'ng javoblar bilan solishtiring:

1. Ulugh Beg built a famous observatory in Samarkand.
2. Somebody stole two paintings from the gallery last night.
3. Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
4. They didn't finish the restoration in 2020.
5. Did the students take these photos?
6. People watched the ceremony all over the world.

Javoblar:

1. A famous observatory was built in Samarkand by Ulugh Beg.
2. Two paintings were stolen from the gallery last night. (by-agent kerak emas - o'g'ri noma'lum)
3. The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876.
4. The restoration wasn't finished in 2020.
5. Were these photos taken by the students?
6. The ceremony was watched all over the world. (by people ortiqcha)

Yakuniy eslatma: passiv nisbat - bu "murakkab grammatika" emas, balki diqqatni to'g'ri joyga qaratish vositasi. Insho yoki taqdimotda muhim natijani ta'kidlamoqchi bo'lsangiz, gapni passiv bilan boshlang: The problem was solved. The goal was achieved.