Kirish: Extreme Weather - ob-havo o'zgardi, gaplar ham o'zgaradi

Buvingiz aytadi: "Ilgari qishlar juda sovuq bo'lardi, qor tizzagacha yog'ardi." Yangiliklar aytadi: "O'tgan yozda harorat 45 darajaga yetdi." E'tibor bering: birinchi gap o'tmishdagi takrorlanuvchi odat-holat haqida, ikkinchisi esa bir marta sodir bo'lgan aniq voqea haqida. Ingliz tilida bu ikki ma'no ikki xil vosita bilan beriladi:

• Used to: Winters used to be much colder. - Qishlar (ilgari) ancha sovuq bo'lardi. (Hozir unday emas!)
• Past Simple: Last summer the temperature reached 45 degrees. - O'tgan yozda harorat 45 darajaga yetdi. (Bir martalik fakt.)

Iqlim o'zgarishi davrida yashayapmiz, shuning uchun "ilgari shunday edi - hozir bunday" qolipi ingliz tilidagi eng kerakli qoliplardan biriga aylandi. Shu darsda aynan shuni o'rganamiz.

1-bo'lim. Past Simple - qisqa takror

Past Simple o'tmishda aniq vaqtda sodir bo'lib tugagan voqealarni bildiradi. Vaqt ko'rsatkichlari: yesterday, last year, in 2015, two days ago.

Ega + V2 (yoki V-ed)

• A powerful storm hit the coast in September. - Kuchli bo'ron sentyabrda qirg'oqqa urildi.
• It snowed heavily last night. - Kecha kuchli qor yog'di.
• The flood destroyed three bridges. - Suv toshqini uchta ko'prikni buzdi.

2-bo'lim. Used to - endi yo'q odatlar va holatlar

Used to + V1 o'tmishda muntazam takrorlangan odat yoki uzoq davom etgan holatni bildiradi, va eng muhimi - bu hozir davom etmayotganini ta'kidlaydi.

Darak gap: Ega + used to + V1

Inkor gap: Ega + didn't use to + V1

So'roq gap: Did + ega + use to + V1?

• People used to predict the weather by watching birds and clouds. - Odamlar ob-havoni qushlar va bulutlarga qarab bashorat qilishardi.
• This region used to have four clear seasons. - Bu hududda (ilgari) to'rt fasl aniq ajralib turardi.
• It didn't use to rain so rarely. - Yomg'ir (ilgari) bunchalik kam yog'masdi.
• Did your grandparents use to skate on the river? - Buvi-buvangiz daryoda konki uchisharmidi?

Diqqat: used to ham harakat odatlari (used to play), ham holatlar (used to be, used to have, used to live) bilan ishlatiladi.

Eslatma: inkor va so'roqda "d" harfi tushib qoladi: didn't USE to, Did you USE to...? Chunki o'tgan zamon belgisi allaqachon did da turibdi. "Didn't used to" yozish - eng keng tarqalgan imlo xatosi, hatto ona tilida so'zlashuvchilar ham adashadi!

3-bo'lim. Past Simple yoki used to? Taqqoslash

Muhim qoida: aniq sana, aniq son yoki bir martalik voqea bilan used to ISHLATILMAYDI:

• Noto'g'ri: I used to visit Bukhara last year. To'g'ri: I visited Bukhara last year. (bir martalik voqea)
• Noto'g'ri: It used to snow three times last winter. To'g'ri: It snowed three times last winter. (sanalgan marta)

Aksincha, odat haqida gapirganda ikkalasi ham grammatik jihatdan to'g'ri, lekin used to "endi unday emas" ma'nosini qo'shadi: We swam in the river every summer (oddiy fakt) va We used to swim in the river every summer (endi suzmaymiz - ehtimol daryo qurib qolgan).

4-bo'lim. Habit comparison: "ilgari - hozir" qolipi

Odatlarni taqqoslash uchun eng qulay qurilma: used to + V1 (ilgari) va now + Present Simple (hozir). Iqlim mavzusidagi misollar:

1. The Aral Sea used to be the fourth largest lake in the world. Now it is only a small part of its old size. - Orol dengizi dunyodagi to'rtinchi eng katta ko'l edi. Hozir u avvalgi hajmining kichik bir qismi, xolos.
2. Fishermen in Moynaq used to catch thousands of tons of fish every year. Now their ships lie in the sand. - Mo'ynoqlik baliqchilar har yili minglab tonna baliq tutishardi. Hozir ularning kemalari qumda yotibdi.
3. Summers used to be cooler, and now heatwaves arrive almost every year. - Yozlar salqinroq bo'lardi, hozir esa jazirama deyarli har yili keladi.
4. People used to heat their homes with coal; now most families use gas or electricity. - Odamlar uylarini ko'mir bilan isitishardi; hozir ko'pchilik gaz yoki elektrdan foydalanadi.
5. Farmers used to rely only on experience; now they check satellite weather forecasts on their phones. - Dehqonlar faqat tajribaga tayanishardi; hozir telefonda sun'iy yo'ldosh prognozlarini ko'rishadi.

5-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)

1. Darak gapda "d" ni tushirish. Noto'g'ri: I use to play outside in winter. To'g'ri: I used to play outside in winter. (Darak gapda used - d bilan!)
2. Inkorda ortiqcha "d". Noto'g'ri: It didn't used to be so hot. To'g'ri: It didn't use to be so hot.
3. Hozirgi odat uchun used to ishlatish. O'zbekcha "odatda" so'zi chalg'itadi. Noto'g'ri: I used to drink green tea every morning (hozirgi odat ma'nosida). To'g'ri: I usually drink green tea every morning. Used to FAQAT o'tmish uchun!
4. Used to va be used to ni aralashtirish. Bular butunlay boshqa qoliplar: I used to live in a hot climate (ilgari yashaganman, endi yo'q) va I am used to hot weather (issiq havoga o'rganib qolganman - hozir ham). Be used to dan keyin V-ing yoki ot keladi: I am used to living here.
5. Aniq vaqt bilan used to. Noto'g'ri: We used to see a tornado in 2019. To'g'ri: We saw a tornado in 2019.
6. So'roqda used to ni to'liq saqlash. Noto'g'ri: Did winters used to be colder? To'g'ri: Did winters use to be colder?

Maslahat: gap tuzishdan oldin ikkita savol bering: 1) Bu voqea BIR MARTA bo'lganmi yoki ODAT bo'lganmi? Bir marta bo'lsa - Past Simple. 2) Odat bo'lsa, HOZIR HAM davom etadimi? Davom etmasa - used to; davom etsa - usually + Present Simple.

6-bo'lim. Qiziqarli ma'lumotlar: ekstremal ob-havo raqamlarda

• Yer yuzida qayd etilgan eng yuqori harorat - 56,7 daraja - 1913-yilda AQShning O'lim vodiysida o'lchangan: The record was set more than a century ago, when weather stations used to work without any electronics.
• Orol dengizi 1960-yillarda 68 000 kvadrat kilometrni egallardi - bu hozirgi O'zbekistonning deyarli 15 foiziga teng maydon. It used to support 40 000 fishermen and their families.
• Evropada XVII-XIX asrlarda "Kichik muzlik davri" bo'lgan: Londonda Temza daryosi shunchalik qattiq muzlardiki, odamlar muz ustida bozor - Frost Fair - o'tkazishardi. The river used to freeze so hard that people held festivals on the ice.
• Bugungi kunda meteorologlar 5 kunlik prognozni 1980-yillardagi 1 kunlik prognoz aniqligida bera oladi - ilgari esa odamlar qizil shafaqqa qarab bashorat qilishardi: "Red sky at night, shepherd's delight."

7-bo'lim. Amaliyot: odatlarni taqqoslang

Qavs ichidagi fe'lni to'g'ri shaklda qo'ying (Past Simple yoki used to), so'ng javoblar bilan solishtiring:

1. My grandfather ___ (walk) five kilometres to school every day, even in snow.
2. A huge hailstorm ___ (damage) our garden last April.
3. People ___ (not/have) air conditioners, so summers felt even hotter.
4. ___ this river ___ (freeze) in winter when you were a child?
5. We ___ (see) a real sandstorm in 2021 - the sky turned orange.
6. There ___ (be) a large lake here, but it dried up years ago.

Javoblar:

1. used to walk (har kungi odat, endi yo'q)
2. damaged (aniq vaqtdagi bir martalik voqea)
3. didn't use to have (o'tmishdagi holat, inkorda "d"siz!)
4. Did this river use to freeze (so'roqda ham "d"siz)
5. saw (aniq yil - 2021, used to mumkin emas)
6. used to be (uzoq davom etgan holat, endi yo'q)

Yakuniy eslatma: used to - bu shunchaki grammatik qolip emas, balki o'zgarishlar haqida gapirish tili. Insho yozganda (masalan, iqlim o'zgarishi mavzusida) "ilgari - hozir" kontrastini used to bilan bersangiz, matningiz ham grammatik boy, ham mantiqan kuchli chiqadi.