Kirish: Modal fe'llar nima uchun kerak?

Ingliz tilida biror ishning majburiy ekanini, zarur emasligini, taqiqlanganini yoki shunchaki maslahat ekanini modal fe'llar orqali ifodalaymiz. "Take Care of Yourself" (O'zingizni ehtiyot qiling) mavzusida bu fe'llar ayniqsa ko'p ishlatiladi: shifokor bemorga maslahat beradi, ota-ona farzandiga talab qo'yadi, do'stlar bir-biriga tavsiya beradi.

Barcha modal fe'llarning umumiy qolipi bitta:

Subject + modal + V1 (fe'lning asos shakli, to-siz)

• You must rest. - Siz dam olishingiz shart.
• You should drink more water. - Ko'proq suv ichishingiz kerak.
• You ought to see a doctor. - Shifokorga ko'rinishingiz lozim.

1-bo'lim. Kuchli majburiyat: must va have to

Must - ichki majburiyat

Must so'zlovchining o'z fikri, ichki zarurat yoki qat'iy qoidani bildiradi:

Subject + must + V1

• I must stop eating fast food. - Men fastfud yeyishni to'xtatishim shart (o'zim shunday qaror qildim).
• Patients must wear a mask in this hospital. - Bemorlar bu kasalxonada niqob taqishlari shart (qoida).

Have to - tashqi majburiyat

Have to tashqaridan kelgan majburiyatni bildiradi: qonun, jadval, boshqa odamning talabi:

Subject + have to / has to + V1

• I have to take these pills three times a day. - Bu dorilarni kuniga uch marta ichishim kerak (shifokor buyurgan).
• She has to get up early for morning exercise. - U ertalabki badantarbiya uchun erta turishi kerak.

Muhim farq: mustn't va don't have to

Bu ikki inkor shakli mutlaqo boshqa ma'no beradi va o'zbek o'quvchilari eng ko'p adashadigan joy shu:

Eslatma: O'zbek tilida "kerak emas" iborasi ham taqiqni, ham zarurat yo'qligini bildirishi mumkin. Shuning uchun o'quvchilar "You mustn't come" bilan "You don't have to come" ni aralashtiradilar. Yodda tuting: mustn't = taqiq, don't have to = ixtiyoriy.

2-bo'lim. Maslahat: should, ought to, had better

Should - eng keng tarqalgan maslahat

Subject + should / shouldn't + V1

• You should sleep at least eight hours. - Kamida sakkiz soat uxlashingiz kerak.
• You shouldn't skip breakfast. - Nonushtani o'tkazib yubormasligingiz kerak.
• Should I take this medicine with food? - Bu dorini ovqat bilan ichishim kerakmi?

Ought to - should ning rasmiyroq sinonimi

Subject + ought to + V1

• You ought to have regular check-ups. - Muntazam tibbiy ko'rikdan o'tishingiz lozim.

Diqqat: ought yagona modal fe'l bo'lib, undan keyin to keladi. Inkor shakli: ought not to (oughtn't to).

Had better - ogohlantirish bilan maslahat

Had better (qisqartmasi: 'd better) kuchli maslahatni bildiradi va "aks holda yomon oqibat bo'ladi" degan ohang beradi:

Subject + had better ('d better) + V1

• You'd better see a dentist soon. - Tezroq stomatologga borganingiz ma'qul (aks holda tish og'rig'i kuchayadi).
• You'd better not exercise with a fever. - Isitma bilan mashq qilmaganingiz yaxshi.

Maslahat: Had better shakli "had" bilan yozilsa ham, o'tgan zamon EMAS - u hozirgi yoki kelasi vaziyat haqida. Inkorda not fe'ldan oldin keladi: You'd better not go, "You'd not better go" EMAS.

3-bo'lim. Zarurat: need to va needn't

Subject + need to + V1 / needn't + V1

• You need to drink two litres of water daily. - Kuniga ikki litr suv ichishingiz zarur.
• You needn't worry about the test results. - Tahlil natijalari haqida xavotir olishingiz shart emas.

Needn't ma'no jihatdan don't have to ga yaqin: ikkalasi ham zarurat yo'qligini bildiradi.

4-bo'lim. Kuch darajasi bo'yicha shkala

Modal fe'llarni majburiyat kuchiga qarab shunday joylashtirish mumkin:

1. must / have to - eng kuchli: shart, majburiy
2. had better - kuchli maslahat, ogohlantirish bilan
3. should / ought to - oddiy maslahat, tavsiya
4. don't have to / needn't - zarurat yo'q, ixtiyoriy
5. mustn't - taqiq (inkor tomonda eng kuchlisi)

5-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)

Ona tili ta'sirida yuzaga keladigan eng ko'p uchraydigan xatolar va ularning to'g'ri shakllari:

• Noto'g'ri: You must to rest. -> To'g'ri: You must rest. (Modal fe'ldan keyin "to" ishlatilmaydi; "kerak" so'zining ta'sirida o'quvchilar "to" qo'shib yuboradilar.)
• Noto'g'ri: She musts see a doctor. -> To'g'ri: She must see a doctor. (Modal fe'llarga -s qo'shilmaydi, hatto he/she/it bilan ham.)
• Noto'g'ri: He have to take medicine. -> To'g'ri: He has to take medicine. (Have to modal emas, oddiy fe'l kabi tuslanadi: he/she/it bilan has to.)
• Noto'g'ri: You don't must eat sweets. -> To'g'ri: You mustn't eat sweets. (Must inkorini do/does bilan yasab bo'lmaydi.)
• Noto'g'ri: Do you should go to the gym? -> To'g'ri: Should you go to the gym? (Modal fe'lli savolda do/does ishlatilmaydi - modal o'zi oldinga chiqadi.)
• Noto'g'ri: You should to drink water. -> To'g'ri: You should drink water. ("Ichishing kerak" tarjimasidagi "-ish" qo'shimchasi ta'sirida "to" qo'shiladi - bu xato.)
• Noto'g'ri: You ought take a rest. -> To'g'ri: You ought to take a rest. (Ought - istisno: faqat u "to" bilan keladi.)
• Noto'g'ri: You don't have to smoke here. (taqiq ma'nosida) -> To'g'ri: You mustn't smoke here. (Taqiq uchun mustn't, zarurat yo'qligi uchun don't have to.)

6-bo'lim. Advice-giving role plays: maslahat berish dialoglari

Quyidagi rolli o'yin dialoglari darsda juftlikda mashq qilish uchun mo'ljallangan. Har bir dialogda majburiyat va maslahat modal fe'llari tabiiy vaziyatda ishlatilgan.

Role play 1: Shifokor qabulida (Doctor and Patient)

• Patient: Doctor, I feel tired all the time and I can't sleep well.
• Doctor: How many hours do you spend on your phone at night?
• Patient: About three or four hours before bed.
• Doctor: That's the problem. You shouldn't use your phone before sleeping. You should turn it off an hour before bed. And you must go to bed before eleven o'clock.
• Patient: Do I have to take any medicine?
• Doctor: No, you don't have to take anything. But you'd better do some light exercise every morning.

Role play 2: Ikki do'st suhbati (Healthy Eating)

• Aziz: I've got a stomach ache again. It's the third time this week!
• Malika: You eat too much fast food, Aziz. You ought to change your diet.
• Aziz: But burgers are so tasty!
• Malika: I know, but you mustn't eat them every day. You should eat more fruit and vegetables, and you need to drink more water instead of cola.
• Aziz: You're right. I'd better start tomorrow.
• Malika: Why tomorrow? You should start today!

Role play 3: Sport zalida (At the Gym)

• Trainer: Is this your first time at the gym?
• Student: Yes, it is. What should I do first?
• Trainer: First, you must warm up for ten minutes. You mustn't lift heavy weights without warming up - it's dangerous.
• Student: Do I have to come every day?
• Trainer: No, you don't have to. Three times a week is enough. But you should bring a bottle of water every time, and you'd better not eat a big meal just before training.

Rolli o'yin uchun qo'shimcha vaziyatlar

Juftliklarga quyidagi kartochkalarni tarqating - biri muammoni aytadi, ikkinchisi kamida uchta modal fe'l bilan maslahat beradi:

1. My eyes hurt because I play computer games for five hours a day.
2. I want to run a marathon, but I never do any sport.
3. My friend drinks four cups of coffee every day and feels nervous.
4. I always forget to brush my teeth at night.
5. I sit at my desk all day and my back hurts.

Metodik maslahat: Rolli o'yin paytida o'quvchilar kamida bitta must / have to, bitta should / ought to va bitta mustn't yoki don't have to ishlatishlari shart, deb topshiriq bering. Shunda ular shaklni emas, MA'NOni tanlashga o'rganadilar.

Qiziqarli faktlar (Did you know?)

• Ingliz tilida must so'zining o'tgan zamon shakli yo'q. O'tgan zamonda majburiyatni had to ifodalaydi: Yesterday I had to stay in bed.
• Rasmiy e'lonlar va yo'riqnomalarda must ko'p uchraydi: "Visitors must wash their hands" - bu shifoxona qoidalarining klassik namunasi.
• Og'zaki nutqda amerikaliklar have got to (gotta) shaklini juda ko'p ishlatadilar: I've got to go to the dentist.
• Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti (WHO) tavsiyalarida should eng ko'p uchraydigan modal fe'l: "Adults should do at least 150 minutes of physical activity a week."