Kirish: Savolni qanday yetkazamiz?

Kimdir bizdan savol so'radi, biz esa bu savolni boshqa odamga yetkazmoqchimiz. Aynan shu vaziyatda reported questions (bilvosita so'roq gaplar) kerak bo'ladi:

• Bevosita: Aziz asked me, "Where do you live?"
• Bilvosita: Aziz asked me where I lived. - Aziz mendan qayerda yashashimni so'radi.

Bilvosita savolda uchta narsa o'zgaradi va bularni yodda tutish darsning asosiy maqsadi:

1. So'z tartibi: savol tartibi darak gap tartibiga aylanadi
2. Yordamchi fe'llar: do / does / did yo'qoladi
3. Tinish belgisi: savol belgisi (?) o'rniga nuqta qo'yiladi

1-bo'lim. Oltin qoida: darak gap tartibi

Bilvosita savolning yuragi - so'z tartibi. Bevosita savolda fe'l egadan OLDIN keladi, bilvosita savolda esa ega fe'ldan oldin qaytadi:

asked + so'roq so'z / if + EGA + FE'L (darak tartibi)

• "Where is the station?" -> She asked where the station was. (is egadan oldin edi, was endi egadan keyin)
• "What time does the lesson start?" -> He asked what time the lesson started. (does yo'qoldi, fe'l o'tgan zamonga o'tdi)
• "Why are you late?" -> The teacher asked why I was late.

Eslatma: Do / does / did - bevosita savolning "xizmatchilari". Bilvosita savolda ular ishdan bo'shatiladi: ularning zamon ma'nosi asosiy fe'lga o'tadi. "Where do you live?" da do hozirgi zamonni ko'rsatadi - bilvosita shaklda bu ma'no lived (backshift bilan) ichiga singib ketadi: He asked where I lived.

2-bo'lim. Yes/No savollar: if yoki whether

Javobi ha yoki yo'q bo'lgan savollar bilvosita nutqda if yoki whether bilan kiritiladi:

asked + if / whether + ega + fe'l

• "Do you speak English?" -> She asked if I spoke English. - U mendan inglizcha gapirishimni so'radi.
• "Have you finished your homework?" -> Mum asked whether I had finished my homework.
• "Will you come to the party?" -> They asked if I would come to the party.

If va whether farqi: ko'p hollarda ikkalasi almashinadi, lekin or not bilan va rasmiy uslubda whether afzal: He asked whether I agreed or not. Shuningdek, whether infinitiv bilan kela oladi: She wondered whether to go.

3-bo'lim. Wh-savollar: so'roq so'z saqlanadi

Who, what, where, when, why, how bilan boshlangan savollarda o'sha so'roq so'zning o'zi bog'lovchi vazifasini bajaradi:

asked + wh-so'z + ega + fe'l

• "What is your name?" -> The officer asked what my name was.
• "When did the train leave?" -> He asked when the train had left.
• "How can I get to Registan Square?" -> The tourist asked how she could get to Registan Square.
• "Who broke the window?" -> The teacher asked who had broken the window. (Diqqat: who ega bo'lganda so'z tartibi allaqachon darak tartibida, faqat zamon siljiydi.)

4-bo'lim. Zamon siljishi (backshift) va boshqa o'zgarishlar

Asosiy fe'l o'tgan zamonda bo'lsa (asked, wanted to know), savol ichidagi zamon bir qadam orqaga siljiydi:

Olmoshlar va vaqt-joy so'zlari ham moslashadi: you -> I/he/she, today -> that day, tomorrow -> the next day, yesterday -> the day before, here -> there, this -> that:

• "Will you help me tomorrow?" -> She asked if I would help her the next day.
• "Did you see him here yesterday?" -> He asked whether I had seen him there the day before.

Maslahat: Agar asosiy fe'l hozirgi zamonda bo'lsa (asks, wants to know) yoki savol hamon dolzarb umumiy haqiqat bo'lsa, zamon siljimasligi mumkin: She always asks where I am going. Lekin imtihon topshiriqlarida asked berilgan bo'lsa, backshift qilishni unutmang.

5-bo'lim. Reporting fe'llari: asked dan tashqari

Bilvosita savollarni turli fe'llar kiritishi mumkin - ular matnga rang beradi:

• wanted to know: The doctor wanted to know if I slept well. - Shifokor yaxshi uxlashimni bilmoqchi bo'ldi.
• wondered: I wondered why she was crying. - Nega yig'layotganiga hayron bo'ldim.
• inquired (rasmiy): The manager inquired whether the report was ready.
• couldn't remember / had no idea: I couldn't remember where I had left my keys.

Xuddi shu darak tartibi embedded questions (odobli savollar) uchun ham ishlaydi: Could you tell me where the bank is? - "where is the bank" EMAS. Bu qoida IELTS Speaking va kundalik muloqotda juda muhim.

6-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)

• Noto'g'ri: He asked me where do I live. -> To'g'ri: He asked me where I lived. (Bilvosita savolda do saqlanmaydi va savol tartibi ishlatilmaydi - o'zbek tilida so'z tartibi o'zgarmagani uchun bu eng keng tarqalgan xato.)
• Noto'g'ri: She asked what time was it. -> To'g'ri: She asked what time it was. (Ega fe'ldan oldin keladi: it was, was it emas.)
• Noto'g'ri: They asked me that I liked music. -> To'g'ri: They asked me if I liked music. (Yes/No savol if/whether bilan kiritiladi, that bilan emas - that darak gaplar uchun.)
• Noto'g'ri: He asked where I lived? -> To'g'ri: He asked where I lived. (Bilvosita savol darak gap - oxirida savol belgisi qo'yilmaydi.)
• Noto'g'ri: The teacher asked did we understand. -> To'g'ri: The teacher asked if we understood. (Did olib tashlanadi, if qo'shiladi, fe'l backshift qilinadi.)
• Noto'g'ri: She asked me when will the bus arrive. -> To'g'ri: She asked me when the bus would arrive. (Will -> would, va will egadan keyin emas, would ega bilan darak tartibida.)
• Noto'g'ri: He wanted to know where is my school. -> To'g'ri: He wanted to know where my school was. (Asked kabi wanted to know dan keyin ham darak tartibi.)
• Noto'g'ri: Could you tell me where is the station? -> To'g'ri: Could you tell me where the station is? (Odobli savolning ichki qismi ham darak tartibida bo'ladi; bu yerda backshift yo'q, chunki asosiy qism hozirgi zamonda.)

7-bo'lim. Question transformation tasks - savol transformatsiya mashqlari

Mashq 1. Intervyu (Yes/No savollar)

Jurnalist mashhur sportchidan so'ragan savollarni bilvosita shaklga aylantiring:

1. "Do you train every day?" -> The journalist asked the athlete if he trained every day.
2. "Have you won any international medals?" -> ...
3. "Will you take part in the next Olympics?" -> ...
4. "Can young people contact you on social media?" -> ...

Mashq 2. Yo'qolgan sayyoh (Wh-savollar)

Sayyoh Samarqandda yo'l so'radi. Uning savollarini politsiyachiga yetkazing:

1. "Where is the nearest metro station?" -> The tourist asked where the nearest metro station was.
2. "How much does a taxi to the airport cost?" -> ...
3. "When do the museums open?" -> ...
4. "Why are the shops closed today?" -> ...

Mashq 3. Teskari transformatsiya (bilvosita -> bevosita)

Endi teskarisini bajaring - bilvosita savoldan asl savolni tiklang:

1. Mum asked me why I hadn't washed the dishes. -> "Why haven't you washed the dishes?"
2. The doctor asked if I had slept well the night before. -> ...
3. My friend wondered when we would meet again. -> ...

Mashq 4. Juftlik o'yini: Broken telephone interview

Uch kishilik guruh: A o'quvchi B ga savol beradi, B savolni eshitib C ga bilvosita shaklda yetkazadi, C esa javob beradi:

• A (savol): "What did you do last weekend?"
• B (yetkazadi): She asked what you had done last weekend.
• C (javob beradi): I told her that I had visited my grandparents.

Rollar aylanadi - har bir o'quvchi uchala vazifani bajaradi. O'yin so'z tartibi va backshiftni bir vaqtda mashq qildiradi.

Metodik maslahat: Transformatsiya mashqlarida o'quvchilarga "uch qadam" algoritmini bering: 1) bog'lovchini tanla (if/whether yoki wh-so'z), 2) so'z tartibini darak gapga o'gir va do/does/did ni olib tashla, 3) zamon, olmosh va vaqt so'zlarini siljit. Har javobni shu uch qadam bo'yicha ovoz chiqarib tekshirish xatolarni keskin kamaytiradi.

Qiziqarli faktlar (Did you know?)

• Ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan bilvosita savol qolipi - I was wondering if you could... Bu iltimosning eng xushmuomala shakli: I was wondering if you could help me. - Yordam bera olarmikansiz deb o'ylab turgandim.
• Aeroport va vokzallardagi e'lonlarda embedded questions ko'p uchraydi: "Please ask a member of staff where your gate is" - hech qachon "where is your gate" emas.
• Whether so'zi weather (ob-havo) bilan bir xil talaffuz qilinadi, lekin ma'nosi butunlay boshqa - inglizlar buni so'z o'yinlarida ko'p ishlatadilar.
• Detektiv janrida reported questions eng ko'p uchraydigan qurilmalardan biri: tergovchi doim guvohlardan so'raganlarini hisobotda bilvosita shaklda yozadi - The inspector asked where the suspect had been at midnight.