Kirish: Oddiy qoida, ayyor istisnolar

Asosiy qoida juda sodda ko'rinadi: birlikdagi ega birlikdagi kesim bilan, ko'plikdagi ega ko'plikdagi kesim bilan keladi:

Birlik ega + V-s / is / has --- Ko'plik ega + V / are / have

• The student works hard. - The students work hard.

Lekin ingliz tilida bu qoidani sinovdan o'tkazadigan o'nlab "tuzoq" holatlar bor: ega bilan kesim orasiga so'zlar tiqilib qoladi, ba'zi otlar ko'plikka o'xshab birlik bo'ladi, ba'zilari esa aksincha. B2+ darajada aynan shu nozik joylar imtihon savollarining sevimli mavzusi. Quyida ularning eng muhimlarini ko'rib chiqamiz.

1-bo'lim. Masofa tuzog'i: ega va kesim orasidagi so'zlar

Eng ko'p uchraydigan xato - kesimni egaga emas, unga yaqin turgan otga moslash. Kesim doim ASOSIY egaga qaraydi, of / with / as well as / together with kabi qo'shimchalar egani o'zgartirmaydi:

• The quality of these products is excellent. (quality - ega, products emas)
• A box of chocolates was on the table. (box - ega)
• The teacher, as well as her students, was invited to the ceremony. (as well as egani kengaytirmaydi)
• My brother, together with his friends, plays football on Sundays.

Eslatma: As well as, together with, along with, in addition to - bular AND emas! Ular qo'shimcha ma'lumotni kiritadi, lekin egani ko'plikka aylantirmaydi. Taqqoslang: The teacher and her students were invited (and - haqiqiy ko'plik) vs The teacher, as well as her students, was invited.

2-bo'lim. Everyone, each, neither - doim birlik

Quyidagi olmoshlar ma'no jihatdan ko'p odamni bildirsa ham, grammatik jihatdan BIRLIK hisoblanadi:

everyone / everybody / someone / anyone / no one / each / either / neither + V-s

• Everyone in our class speaks at least two languages. - Sinfimizdagi har bir kishi kamida ikki tilda gapiradi.
• Each of the players has a number on his shirt. - Har bir o'yinchining ko'ylagida raqam bor.
• Neither of the answers is correct. - Javoblarning hech biri to'g'ri emas.
• Nobody knows the real reason. - Haqiqiy sababni hech kim bilmaydi.

Diqqat: each of / either of / neither of + ko'plik ot qolipida ham kesim baribir birlikda qoladi - of dan keyingi ko'plik ot chalg'itmasin.

3-bo'lim. Jamlovchi otlar: team, family, government

Team, family, class, government, committee, staff kabi otlar bir guruhni bildiradi. Ular bilan kesim ikki xil kelishi mumkin:

• Guruh YAXLIT birlik sifatida qaralsa - birlik: Our team is the best in the region. - Jamoamiz viloyatda eng zo'ri.
• Guruh A'ZOLARI alohida qaralsa - ko'plik (ayniqsa Britaniya inglizchasida): The team are arguing about tactics. - Jamoa a'zolari taktika haqida bahslashyapti.

Amerika inglizchasi deyarli doim birlikni tanlaydi; imtihonlarda ham birlik xavfsizroq tanlov. Lekin police va people alohida holat - ular DOIM ko'plik: The police are investigating the case. People say it will rain.

4-bo'lim. Miqdor iboralari: eng tricky joy

Sirni eslab qoling: a number of = ko'p (ko'plik), the number of = soni (birlik). Foiz va kasrlarda esa kesim of dan keyingi otga qaraydi - bu umumiy qoidaning kamdan-kam istisnolaridan biri.

5-bo'lim. Or va nor: yaqinlik qoidasi

Either ... or / neither ... nor bilan bog'langan egalarda kesim O'ZIGA YAQIN turgan egaga moslashadi (proximity rule):

either A or B + B ga mos kesim

• Either the students or the teacher is wrong. (kesim teacher ga yaqin - birlik)
• Either the teacher or the students are wrong. (kesim students ga yaqin - ko'plik)
• Neither Aziz nor his parents were at home. - Na Aziz, na uning ota-onasi uyda edi.

And bilan esa hammasi oddiy - doim ko'plik: Aziz and Malika are classmates. Bitta istisno: ikki ot BIR tushunchani bildirsa, birlik keladi: Bread and butter is a simple breakfast. Fish and chips is a British dish.

6-bo'lim. Aldamchi otlar: ko'rinishi bir xil, mohiyati boshqa

• -s bilan tugasa ham BIRLIK: news, mathematics, physics, economics, politics, athletics. - The news was shocking. Mathematics is my favourite subject.
• Juft narsalar - DOIM KO'PLIK: scissors, trousers, jeans, glasses. - My glasses are broken. Lekin "a pair of" bilan birlik: A pair of jeans costs fifty dollars.
• Everyone biladigan tuzoq: money birlik (Money is power), children / men / women ko'plik ekani ayon, lekin data va media zamonaviy tilda ko'pincha birlik sifatida ishlatiladi: The data shows a clear trend (rasmiy akademik uslubda The data show ham to'g'ri).
• One of + ko'plik ot + birlik kesim: One of my friends lives in Bukhara. - Do'stlarimdan biri Buxoroda yashaydi.

7-bo'lim. There is / there are va teskari tartib

There bilan boshlangan gaplarda kesim O'ZIDAN KEYIN kelgan egaga moslashadi:

• There is a big library near our school. - There are two libraries near our school.
• Og'zaki nutqda "There's two problems" ko'p eshitiladi, lekin bu norasmiy - imtihonda There are two problems yozing.

Here bilan ham xuddi shunday: Here are the documents you asked for.

8-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)

O'zbek tilida kesim ko'plik egasi bilan ham ko'pincha birlikda qoladi ("bolalar keldi"), shuning uchun -s mosligi alohida e'tibor talab qiladi:

• Noto'g'ri: The quality of the products are high. -> To'g'ri: The quality of the products is high. (Ega - quality, products emas; yaqin turgan ko'plik ot chalg'itgan.)
• Noto'g'ri: Everyone know the answer. -> To'g'ri: Everyone knows the answer. (Everyone birlik - "hamma" ma'nosi chalg'itadi.)
• Noto'g'ri: The police is coming. -> To'g'ri: The police are coming. (Police doim ko'plik.)
• Noto'g'ri: The news are good. -> To'g'ri: The news is good. (News -s bilan tugasa ham birlik.)
• Noto'g'ri: A number of students was absent. -> To'g'ri: A number of students were absent. (A number of - ko'plik; the number of bo'lganda birlik bo'lardi.)
• Noto'g'ri: Neither of them are ready. -> To'g'ri: Neither of them is ready. (Neither birlik; of them chalg'itmasin.)
• Noto'g'ri: My trousers is too long. -> To'g'ri: My trousers are too long. (Juft kiyimlar ko'plik; o'zbekcha "shim" birlik bo'lgani uchun xato kelib chiqadi.)
• Noto'g'ri: Ten years are a long time. -> To'g'ri: Ten years is a long time. (Vaqt yaxlit miqdor sifatida birlik.)
• Noto'g'ri: Either my brother or my parents is going to help. -> To'g'ri: Either my brother or my parents are going to help. (Yaqinlik qoidasi: kesim parents ga qaraydi.)

Qiziqarli faktlar (Did you know?)

• "The United States" davlat nomi sifatida BIRLIK: The United States is a large country. 19-asrgacha esa ko'plikda ishlatilardi - "the United States are" - fuqarolar urushi davridan keyin mamlakat yaxlit tushunchaga aylangach, birlik g'olib chiqdi.
• Kompaniya va jamoa nomlari Britaniyada ko'plik bilan kela oladi: "Manchester United are winning", Amerikada esa birlik: "Google is hiring". Bitta gap ikki qit'ada ikki xil yoziladi!
• None of so'zi bilan ikkala variant ham uchraydi: None of the students was/were ready - rasmiy uslub birlikni afzal ko'radi, og'zaki nutqda ko'plik keng tarqalgan.
• Eng qisqa "tuzoq" imtihon jumlasi: Physics ___ fun. Ko'pchilik are deb yozadi, to'g'ri javob esa is - fan nomlari -s bilan tugasa ham birlik.