Kirish: O'zbek tilida yo'q, inglizchada har qadamda

Artikl - o'zbek o'quvchisi uchun eng qiyin mavzu, chunki ona tilimizda bu tushuncha umuman yo'q. "Kitob oldim" deymiz - qaysi kitobligini kontekst hal qiladi. Ingliz tili esa har safar tanlashni TALAB qiladi: a book (qandaydir bir kitob), the book (o'sha ma'lum kitob) yoki books (umuman kitoblar). Yaxshi yangilik: butun tizim bitta savolga qurilgan - tinglovchi qaysi narsa haqida gap ketayotganini biladimi? Bilsa - the, bilmasa - a/an, umumiy gap bo'lsa - artiklsiz.

1-bo'lim. A yoki An: harf emas, TOVUSH hal qiladi

a + undosh TOVUSH --- an + unli TOVUSH

Bu qoidadagi eng katta tuzoq: yozilishga emas, TALAFFUZGA qarash kerak:

• an hour, an honest man - h yozilgan, lekin talaffuz qilinmaydi: [auə], [ˈɒnɪst].
• a university, a European country, a one-way street - u va E harflari bor, lekin talaffuz [ju:], [jʊə], [wʌn] - undosh tovush bilan boshlanadi!
• an MBA, an X-ray, an SMS - qisqartmalarda harfning NOMI o'qiladi: [em], [eks], [es] - unli bilan boshlanadi.

A/an faqat sanaladigan birlik ot bilan keladi va "bir dona, qandaydir" ma'nosini beradi. Kasb-hunar aytishda majburiy: My mother is a doctor (My mother is doctor EMAS).

2-bo'lim. The: tinglovchi biladigan narsa

The quyidagi besh holatda ishlatiladi:

1. Ikkinchi eslatish: I saw a dog in our yard. The dog was hungry. - Birinchi safar a, keyin the.
2. Kontekstdan ma'lum: Close the door, please. - Qaysi eshik ekani ayon.
3. Dunyoda yagona: the sun, the moon, the internet, the sky.
4. Superlativ va tartib sonlar: the best student, the first lesson, the only way, the same answer.
5. Butun tur haqida (rasmiy uslub): The snow leopard lives in the mountains of Central Asia. - Qor qoploni turi haqida.

3-bo'lim. Nol artikl: qachon hech narsa kerak emas

Ø + ko'plik/sanalmas ot (umumiy ma'noda) --- Ø + til, sport, taom, fan nomlari

• Umumiy gaplar: Books are expensive nowadays. Water is essential for life. (The books are expensive - faqat MA'LUM kitoblar haqida bo'lardi.)
• Tillar va fanlar: She speaks English and studies mathematics.
• Sport va o'yinlar: We play football after school. (play THE football EMAS!)
• Taomlar: We have breakfast at seven. What did you eat for lunch?
• Transport qoliplari: by bus, by car, by plane, on foot.

4-bo'lim. Geografiya: the xaritasi

• We swam in the Aral Sea region and then visited Lake Charvak.
• The Tian Shan mountains are beautiful, and Everest is the highest peak in the world.
• She has been to the Netherlands, France, and the USA.

5-bo'lim. Ma'no o'zgartiruvchi juftliklar: school yoki the school?

Ba'zi otlar bilan artikl butun ma'noni o'zgartiradi - bu B2 ning eng nozik joyi:

• go to school = o'qish uchun (o'quvchi sifatida) --- go to the school = binoga borish (masalan, ota-ona majlisga).
• in hospital = bemor sifatida yotibdi --- in the hospital = binoning ichida (masalan, hamshira ishlaydi).
• in prison = mahbus sifatida --- in the prison = binoda (masalan, tekshiruvchi).
• at home, at work, in bed - bu qoliplar DOIM artiklsiz: I left my phone at home.

Eslatma: Qoida shunday ishlaydi: muassasa o'z VAZIFASIDA ishlatilsa (maktab - o'qish, kasalxona - davolanish) - artiklsiz; oddiy BINO sifatida tilga olinsa - the bilan. "My brother is in hospital" - ukam kasal; "My brother is in the hospital" - ukam o'sha binoda (balki shifokordir).

6-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)

Ona tilida artikl bo'lmagani uchun xatolar ikki yo'nalishda bo'ladi: kerakli joyda tushirib qoldirish va keraksiz joyga qo'shish:

• Noto'g'ri: My father is teacher. -> To'g'ri: My father is a teacher. (Kasb oldidan a/an majburiy - o'zbekcha "otam o'qituvchi" artiklsiz bo'lgani uchun tushirib qoldiriladi.)
• Noto'g'ri: I like the football very much. -> To'g'ri: I like football very much. (Sport nomlari artiklsiz.)
• Noto'g'ri: The life is beautiful. -> To'g'ri: Life is beautiful. (Mavhum otlar umumiy ma'noda artiklsiz - rus tili ta'sirida ham shu xato ko'p uchraydi.)
• Noto'g'ri: He is an university student. -> To'g'ri: He is a university student. (University [ju:] - undosh tovush bilan boshlanadi.)
• Noto'g'ri: I waited for a hour. -> To'g'ri: I waited for an hour. (Hour da h talaffuz qilinmaydi - unli tovush.)
• Noto'g'ri: We visited the Uzbekistan last year. -> To'g'ri: We visited Uzbekistan last year. (Oddiy davlat nomlari artiklsiz; lekin the USA, the UK.)
• Noto'g'ri: She plays the tennis every weekend. -> To'g'ri: She plays tennis every weekend. (Sport artiklsiz; lekin musiqa asboblari THE bilan: she plays the piano.)
• Noto'g'ri: Sun rises in the east. -> To'g'ri: The sun rises in the east. (Dunyoda yagona narsalar the bilan.)
• Noto'g'ri: I go to the school every day. (o'quvchi aytmoqda) -> To'g'ri: I go to school every day. (O'quvchi maktabga o'z vazifasi - o'qish uchun boradi.)

7-bo'lim. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. A, an, the yoki Ø (hech narsa) qo'ying

1. My sister is ___ engineer. She works in ___ Tashkent. -> an, Ø
2. ___ Amu Darya is ___ longest river in Central Asia. -> The, the
3. I usually have ___ breakfast at 7 and go to ___ school by ___ bus. -> Ø, Ø, Ø
4. We saw ___ interesting film yesterday. ___ film was about space. -> an, The

Mashq 2. Juftlikdagi farqni tushuntiring

1. My grandmother is in hospital. / The nurse works in the hospital. -> bemor sifatida / binoda ishlaydi
2. She plays tennis. / She plays the piano. -> sport artiklsiz / musiqa asbobi the bilan

Mashq 3. Xatoni toping va tuzating

1. He wants to be a honest person. -> an honest ([ˈɒnɪst] - unli tovush)
2. The Everest is in the Asia. -> Everest is in Asia (yakka cho'qqi va qit'a - artiklsiz)
3. I have been to UK twice. -> the UK (qisqartmali davlat nomi)

Metodik maslahat: Artiklni alohida mavzu sifatida emas, HAR darsda "uch soniyalik tekshiruv" sifatida o'rgating: o'quvchi har gap tuzganda o'zidan "tinglovchi buni biladimi?" deb so'rasin. Bilsa - the, bilmasa va bitta bo'lsa - a/an, umumiy bo'lsa - hech narsa. Shu bitta savol qoidalarning 80 foizini qoplaydi; qolgan 20 foiz (geografiya, qoliplar) esa jadval bilan yodlanadi.

Qiziqarli faktlar (Did you know?)

• The - ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan so'z: har yozilgan 16 so'zning bittasi the. A/an esa eng ko'p ishlatiladiganlar ro'yxatida beshinchi o'rinda.
• The so'zi unli tovushdan oldin [ði:] deb talaffuz qilinadi: the apple [ði: æpl], the hour [ði: auə] - lekin bu yozuvda ko'rinmaydi, faqat talaffuzda.
• Dunyo tillarining aksariyatida artikl yo'q - rus, o'zbek, yapon, xitoy, turk tillari artikllarsiz bemalol ishlaydi. Shuning uchun bu tillarda so'zlashuvchilar uchun artikl ingliz tilining eng "sirli" qismi hisoblanadi.
• Ba'zi nomlarda the rasmiy nomning bir qismi: The Hague (Gaaga shahri - shaharlar ichida noyob istisno), The Times gazetasi, the Beatles guruhi. Bu holatlarda the ni tushirib bo'lmaydi.