Grammind · Predloglar
Prepositions of Time: Vaqt predloglari (at, on, in, for, since, by, until)
Kirish: O'zbekcha "-da" ning uchta inglizcha yuzi
O'zbek tilida vaqt bitta qo'shimcha bilan ifodalanadi: soat beshDA, dushanbaDA, mayDA, yozDA. Ingliz tilida esa xuddi shu "-da" uchta turli predlogga bo'linadi: at, on, in. Aynan shu "bitta qo'shimcha - uchta predlog" nomutanosibligi o'zbek o'quvchilari xatolarining bosh manbai. Yaxshi yangilik: tanlovni VAQT BIRLIGINING HAJMI hal qiladi - qancha kichik va aniq bo'lsa, shuncha "at" ga yaqin.
1-bo'lim. At - On - In piramidasi
AT = aniq nuqta --- ON = kun va sana --- IN = uzun davr
| Predlog | Qachon | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| AT | soat, kunning aniq nuqtalari, bayram davri | at 5 o'clock, at noon, at midnight, at night, at sunrise, at the weekend (BrE), at Navruz |
| ON | kunlar, sanalar, maxsus kunlar | on Monday, on 1 September, on my birthday, on New Year's Day, on a cold winter evening |
| IN | oylar, yillar, fasllar, asrlar, kun qismlari | in May, in 2026, in summer, in the 21st century, in the morning/afternoon/evening |
- The lesson starts at 8:30. - Dars 8:30 da boshlanadi.
- We have English on Mondays and Thursdays. - Ingliz tili dushanba va payshanba kunlari.
- My brother was born in 2010, in the spring. - Ukam 2010-yilda, bahorda tug'ilgan.
2-bo'lim. Ayyor istisnolar va to'qnashuvlar
Qoidalar to'qnashganda ingliz tili o'z tanlovini qilgan - bularni alohida yodlash kerak:
- in the morning, LEKIN at night - kunning qismlari in bilan, tun esa istisno tarzda at bilan (in the night ham uchraydi, lekin at night standart).
- in the morning, LEKIN on Monday morning - kun nomi qo'shilishi bilan predlog on ga o'zgaradi! Xuddi shunday: on Friday evening, on Sunday afternoon.
- at Christmas / at Navruz (bayram DAVRI haqida), LEKIN on Christmas Day / on Navruz day (aniq KUN haqida).
- at the weekend (Britaniya) = on the weekend (Amerika) - ikkalasi ham to'g'ri, imtihonda Britaniya varianti xavfsizroq.
3-bo'lim. Predlog KERAK EMAS: last, next, this, every
Ø + last / next / this / every / yesterday / tomorrow / today
Bu so'zlar oldidan hech qanday predlog qo'yilmaydi - eng ko'p uchraydigan ortiqcha predlog xatosi aynan shu yerda:
- I saw him last week. (in last week EMAS)
- We are moving next month. (in next month EMAS)
- She calls her grandmother every day. (in every day EMAS)
- What are you doing this evening? (in this evening EMAS)
4-bo'lim. For, since va during: uch xil "davomida"
| Predlog | Nima bilan keladi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| for + muddat | qancha VAQT davom etgani (miqdor) | for two hours, for ten years, for a long time |
| since + nuqta | qachondan BOSHLAB (boshlanish nuqtasi) | since 2020, since Monday, since childhood |
| during + voqea/davr nomi | qaysi voqea DAVOMIDA | during the lesson, during the war, during summer holidays |
- We have lived here for fifteen years. - O'n besh yildan beri shu yerda yashaymiz.
- He has worked at this school since 2018. - U 2018-yildan beri shu maktabda ishlaydi.
- Please don't use your phone during the exam. - Imtihon davomida telefondan foydalanmang.
Muhim farq: during dan keyin OT keladi (during the film), while dan keyin esa butun GAP keladi (while we were watching the film).
5-bo'lim. By va until: muddat va davomiylik
by = ...gacha (kechiktirmay, muddat) --- until = ...gacha (uzluksiz davom etib)
- Please send the report by Friday. - Hisobotni jumagacha yuboring (juma - oxirgi muddat, undan oldin ham bo'ladi).
- I will wait for you until Friday. - Jumagacha kutaman (kutish jumagacha UZLUKSIZ davom etadi).
- Taqqoslang: Finish your homework by 9 p.m. (9 gacha tugat) vs Study until 9 p.m. (9 gacha o'qi - jarayon).
6-bo'lim. In time yoki on time?
- on time = belgilangan vaqtDA, kechikmasdan (punktuallik): The train left exactly on time. - Poyezd ayni vaqtida jo'nadi.
- in time = kerakli paytdan OLDINROQ, ulgurib: We arrived in time to get good seats. - Yaxshi joy olishga ulgurib keldik.
Eslatma: Farqni eslab qolishning oson yo'li: on time - jadval so'zi (poyezd, dars, uchrashuv jadvalDAgidek), in time - "ulgurdim" so'zi (biror narsa uchun yetarli vaqt bilan). "The bus was on time" - avtobus kechikmadi; "I got to the station in time to catch the bus" - avtobusga ulgurib yetib bordim.
7-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)
O'zbekcha "-da" hamma joyda bir xil bo'lgani va "beri/davomida" so'zlari inglizchaga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'girilgani uchun quyidagi xatolar keladi:
- Noto'g'ri: The lesson starts in 8 o'clock. -> To'g'ri: The lesson starts at 8 o'clock. (Aniq soat - at; o'zbekcha "8 DA" in ni tanlatadi.)
- Noto'g'ri: My birthday is in 15 March. -> To'g'ri: My birthday is on 15 March. (Sana - on.)
- Noto'g'ri: We rest in Sunday. -> To'g'ri: We rest on Sunday. (Kun nomi - on.)
- Noto'g'ri: I will visit you in next week. -> To'g'ri: I will visit you next week. (Next oldidan predlog qo'yilmaydi.)
- Noto'g'ri: She has studied English since three years. -> To'g'ri: She has studied English for three years. (Muddat miqdori - for; since faqat boshlanish nuqtasi bilan: since 2023.)
- Noto'g'ri: Don't talk during you eat. -> To'g'ri: Don't talk while you eat. (Gap bilan while, ot bilan during: during the meal.)
- Noto'g'ri: I sleep well in night. -> To'g'ri: I sleep well at night. (Night - istisno, at bilan.)
- Noto'g'ri: See you in Monday morning. -> To'g'ri: See you on Monday morning. (Kun nomi qo'shilgach in the morning -> on Monday morning ga aylanadi.)
- Noto'g'ri: Finish the test until 10 o'clock. -> To'g'ri: Finish the test by 10 o'clock. (Oxirgi muddat - by; until uzluksiz davom etadigan ish bilan keladi.)
8-bo'lim. Mashqlar
Mashq 1. At, on, in yoki Ø qo'ying
- We celebrate Navruz ___ 21 March. -> on
- My father gets up ___ 6 o'clock ___ the morning. -> at, in
- I'm going to Samarkand ___ next weekend. -> Ø (predlog kerak emas)
- It often snows here ___ winter, especially ___ January. -> in, in
- The concert is ___ Friday evening. -> on
Mashq 2. For, since, during yoki while?
- He has been ill ___ Tuesday. -> since
- They talked quietly ___ the film. -> during
- I fell asleep ___ I was reading. -> while
- We haven't seen each other ___ ages. -> for
Mashq 3. By yoki until? In time yoki on time?
- Hand in your essays ___ Monday, please. -> by
- The shop is open ___ 10 p.m. -> until
- The plane took off exactly ___ . -> on time
- We got to the cinema just ___ to see the beginning. -> in time
Metodik maslahat: At/on/in ni "kattalashuvchi doiralar" rasmi bilan o'rgating: markazda kichkina nuqta (at 5:00), uning atrofida kun doirasi (on Monday), eng tashqarida esa katta oy-yil doirasi (in 2026). O'quvchi har safar vaqt birligini shu rasmga "joylashtirsin" - nuqtami, kunmi yoki davrmi? Bu vizual usul jadval yodlashdan ko'ra samaraliroq ishlaydi.
Qiziqarli faktlar (Did you know?)
- Nima uchun at night, lekin in the morning? Tarixchilarning izohi: qadimda tun faoliyat davri emas, yagona "nuqta" sifatida qabul qilingan - odamlar tunni bo'laklarga bo'lmagan. Ertalab, tush va kechqurun esa ish faoliyati davrlari bo'lgani uchun "ichida" (in) tasavvur qilingan.
- Amerikaliklar on the weekend, inglizlar at the weekend deydi - bitta dam olish kuni, ikki xil predlog. Xuddi shunday: AmE "on Christmas" ko'proq uchraydi, BrE esa "at Christmas" ni afzal ko'radi.
- Ingliz tilida predloglar eng ko'p ishlatiladigan 20 so'zning to'rtdan birini tashkil qiladi: of, to, in, for, on, at, by, from - bularsiz birorta ham matn yozib bo'lmaydi.
- Sekundlardan asrlargacha shkala bo'ylab predloglar qiziq taqsimlanadi: at the moment - on that day - in that year - in the 15th century - in the Middle Ages. Nuqtadan kattalashgan sari at faqat bitta marta, boshida keladi.