Grammind · Predloglar
Prepositions of Place: Joy predloglari (in, on, at, over, under, between va boshqalar)
Kirish: Yana o'sha "-da", endi makonda
Vaqt predloglarida ko'rganimizdek, o'zbekcha "-da" inglizchada bir nechta predlogga bo'linadi. Joy uchun ham xuddi shu uchlik ishlaydi: uyDA - at home, stolDA - on the table, xonaDA - in the room. Farqni tushunishning kaliti - joyni QANDAY TASAVVUR qilishimiz: idish ichidami (in), yuza ustidami (on) yoki xaritadagi nuqtami (at)?
1-bo'lim. In - On - At: uch xil ko'rish
IN = ichida (hajm, idish) --- ON = ustida, yuzasida --- AT = nuqtada, manzilda
| Predlog | Tasavvur | Misollar |
|---|---|---|
| IN | chegaralangan hajm ichida: xona, shahar, mamlakat, quti, suyuqlik | in the room, in Tashkent, in Uzbekistan, in a box, in the water, in my pocket |
| ON | yuza bilan tegib turadi: stol, devor, pol, ko'cha yuzasi | on the table, on the wall, on the floor, on the roof, on page 10 |
| AT | xaritadagi nuqta, faoliyat manzili | at the door, at the bus stop, at school, at work, at the airport, at Aziza's house |
- The keys are in my bag. - Kalitlar sumkamning ichida.
- The picture is on the wall. - Surat devorda (yuzasiga tegib turibdi).
- Let's meet at the entrance of the metro. - Metro kiraverishida uchrashamiz (aniq nuqta).
Bitta joy uch xil ko'rinishi mumkin: I'm at the shop (nuqta sifatida - qayerdaligim), I'm in the shop (bino ichidaligim muhim), the sign is on the shop (peshtaxta binoning yuzasida).
2-bo'lim. Transport paradoksi: in the car, lekin on the bus
Bu ingliz tilining eng mashhur "mantiqsizligi", lekin ichida qoida bor:
IN + shaxsiy/kichik: car, taxi --- ON + jamoat/katta: bus, train, plane, ship, bike
- She is in the car / in a taxi. - Ichiga "kirib o'tirasiz", tik yurolmaysiz.
- He is on the bus / on the train / on the plane. - Ichida tik yurish mumkin bo'lgan "platforma" sifatida tasavvur qilinadi.
- Velosiped va ot ham on: on a bike, on a horse - ustiga minasiz.
3-bo'lim. Ayyor juftliklar
- at school (o'quvchi sifatida, faoliyat) vs in the school (bino ichida): My daughter is at school now. / There are 40 classrooms in the school.
- arrive in + shahar/mamlakat vs arrive at + bino/nuqta: We arrived in Samarkand at 6. / We arrived at the hotel at 7. (arrive to - XATO!)
- in the corner (xona burchagida - ichkarida) vs at/on the corner (ko'cha burchagida - tashqarida): The TV is in the corner of the room. / The pharmacy is at the corner of Amir Temur street.
- in the picture - rasm ICHIDA deyiladi, yuzasida emas: Who is that man in the picture? (on the picture - tipik xato!)
4-bo'lim. Balandlik va joylashuv so'zlari
| Juftlik | Farqi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| over / above | over - tepasida (ko'pincha harakat yoki qoplash bilan); above - undan balandda (statik) | The plane flew over the city. / The clock is above the door. |
| under / below | under - tagida (bevosita); below - undan pastda (daraja) | The cat is under the table. / The village is below sea level. |
| between / among | between - IKKI narsa orasida; among - KO'P narsa orasida | Bukhara is between Samarkand and Khiva. / He felt happy among his friends. |
| in front of / opposite | in front of - oldida (bir tomonda); opposite - ro'parasida (qarama-qarshi tomonda) | A car stopped in front of our house. / The bank is opposite the park. |
| next to / beside / by | uchalasi ham "yonida" - deyarli teng ma'noda | Sit next to me. / The lamp is beside the bed. / A house by the river. |
5-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)
O'zbekcha "-da" universalligi va ruscha qoliplarning ta'siri quyidagi xatolarni keltiradi:
- Noto'g'ri: The book is in the table. -> To'g'ri: The book is on the table. (StolDA - yuzada, ichida emas; "-da" in ni tanlatadi.)
- Noto'g'ri: We arrived to Tashkent at night. -> To'g'ri: We arrived in Tashkent at night. (Arrive hech qachon to bilan kelmaydi: in + shahar, at + bino.)
- Noto'g'ri: My father is on work now. -> To'g'ri: My father is at work now. (Faoliyat manzillari at bilan: at work, at school, at home.)
- Noto'g'ri: Look at the photo - my grandmother is on the picture. -> To'g'ri: ...my grandmother is in the picture. (Rasm ichida - in; ruscha "na kartine" ta'siridagi xato.)
- Noto'g'ri: She is sitting in the bus. -> To'g'ri: She is sitting on the bus. (Jamoat transporti - on; lekin in the car to'g'ri.)
- Noto'g'ri: The lamp hangs over of the table. -> To'g'ri: The lamp hangs above the table. (Balandda statik joylashuv - above; over dan keyin of kelmaydi.)
- Noto'g'ri: Tashkent is among Chimgan and Sirdaryo region. -> To'g'ri: Tashkent is between Chimgan and Sirdaryo region. (Ikki narsa orasida - between; among ko'plik uchun.)
- Noto'g'ri: He lives in 15 Navoi street. -> To'g'ri: He lives at 15 Navoi street. (Aniq manzil raqam bilan - at; ko'cha nomining o'zi bilan - in/on Navoi street.)
- Noto'g'ri: Wait me in the bus stop. -> To'g'ri: Wait for me at the bus stop. (Bekat - nuqta, at bilan; wait esa for ni talab qiladi.)
6-bo'lim. Mashqlar
Mashq 1. In, on yoki at qo'ying
- The milk is ___ the fridge, and the bread is ___ the table. -> in, on
- I'll wait for you ___ the entrance. -> at
- There is a beautiful mosaic ___ the wall of the madrasah. -> on
- My cousin lives ___ Bukhara, ___ 7 Naqshband street. -> in, at
- Is your brother still ___ school, or has he started university? -> at
Mashq 2. To'g'ri variantni tanlang
- The plane flew (over / between) the Tian Shan mountains. -> over
- Our house is (among / between) a school and a pharmacy. -> between
- The bank is (opposite / on) the bazaar - just cross the road. -> opposite
- She got (in / on) the bus at the last moment. -> on
Mashq 3. Xatoni toping va tuzating
- We arrived to the airport an hour early. -> arrived at the airport
- The cat is sleeping in the sofa. -> on the sofa (yuzasida)
- Who is the tall man on this old photo? -> in this old photo
Metodik maslahat: In/on/at ni "qo'l harakati" bilan o'rgating: IN uchun bir qo'l ikkinchi qo'l kaftini qoplab "idish" yasaydi, ON uchun kaft ustiga barmoq qo'yiladi, AT uchun havoga bitta nuqta "chertiladi". Keyin o'qituvchi joy nomini aytadi (the box! the roof! the door!), o'quvchilar esa qo'l harakati bilan javob beradi. Uch daqiqalik shu o'yin jadval yodlashdan samaraliroq - tana xotirasi ishga tushadi.
Qiziqarli faktlar (Did you know?)
- Nega on the bus, lekin in the car? Tarixiy izoh: dastlabki avtobuslar - omnibuslar - ochiq ikkinchi qavatli edi, odamlar tom USTIGA chiqib o'tirardi. "On" o'sha davrdan meros bo'lib qoldi, keyin poyezd va samolyotga ham ko'chdi.
- Inglizcha in the street (BrE) va on the street (AmE) - ikkalasi ham to'g'ri: inglizlar ko'chani binolar orasidagi "koridor" (ichida), amerikaliklar esa yo'l yuzasi (ustida) sifatida ko'radi. Bitta ko'cha - ikki xil tasavvur.
- Dunyo tillari joyni turlicha "kesadi": ispan tilida in/on/at uchalasi uchun bitta predlog (en) yetarli, koreys tilida esa tegib turish zich yoki bo'shroq ekaniga qarab ikki xil so'z ishlatiladi. Ingliz uchligi shu ikki qutb orasidagi "o'rtacha" yechim.
- Eng qisqa inglizcha topishmoq predloglarga qurilgan: What is in the middle of Paris? - Javob: the letter R. (Paris so'zining o'rtasida R harfi turibdi - in bu yerda so'zning "ichi"ni bildiradi.)