Kirish: Joy emas, HARAKAT

Oldingi darsda joy predloglarini (in, on, at) ko'rgan edik - ular narsa QAYERDA ekanini bildiradi. Yo'nalish predloglari esa boshqacha savolga javob beradi: narsa QAYERGA qarab harakat qilyapti? Farqni bitta juftlik ochib beradi:

• The children are at the pool. - Bolalar hovuzDA (joy - statik).
• The children jumped into the pool. - Bolalar hovuzGA sakrashdi (yo'nalish - harakat).

O'zbek tilida bu farqni jo'nalish kelishigi ("-ga") ko'rsatadi: uyGA bordim, xonaGA kirdim. Ingliz tilida esa "-ga" ma'nosini bir nechta predlog bo'lishib oladi - qaysi biri kerakligini harakatning TURI hal qiladi.

1-bo'lim. To: eng asosiy yo'nalish predlogi

harakat fe'li + to + manzil

To umumiy yo'nalishni, borish nuqtasini bildiradi - o'zbekcha "-ga" ning eng keng muqobili:

• We are going to Bukhara next week. - Kelasi hafta BuxoroGA boramiz.
• She walked to the window and looked out. - U derazaGA yurdi.
• Give this book to your teacher. - Bu kitobni o'qituvchingizGA bering.

Muhim istisno: home so'zi to ni olmaydi - go home, come home (go to home XATO!). Xuddi shunday: here, there ham predlogsiz - come here, go there.

2-bo'lim. Into va onto: ichkariga va ustiga harakat

into = tashqaridan ICHKARIGA --- onto = pastdan USTIGA

Bular joy predloglari in va on ning "harakatli" versiyalari:

• He ran into the classroom when the bell rang. - Qo'ng'iroq chalinganda sinfGA yugurib kirdi.
• The cat climbed onto the roof. - Mushuk tomGA chiqdi.

Og'zaki nutqda ko'pincha oddiy in va on ham ishlatiladi (jump in the pool), lekin yozma va rasmiy uslubda into/onto aniqroq va to'g'riroq hisoblanadi.

3-bo'lim. Through, across, over: kesib o'tishning uch turi

• We drove through the Kyzylkum desert. - Qizilqum cho'li ICHIDAN o'tdik (o'rab olgan makon).
• The bridge goes across the Amu Darya. - Ko'prik Amudaryo USTIDAN bir qirg'oqdan ikkinchisiga o'tadi.
• The ball flew over the fence. - To'p panjara USTIDAN oshib o'tdi.

4-bo'lim. Along, towards, past: yo'l bo'ylab harakat

• along = chiziq bo'ylab (ko'cha, daryo, sohil): We walked along the river. - Daryo bo'ylab yurdik.
• towards = tomon (yetib bormasdan, yo'nalish): He ran towards the exit. - Chiqish tomon yugurdi (hali chiqmadi).
• past = yonidan o'tib ketish: I walked past the mosque every morning. - Har ertalab masjid YONIDAN o'tardim.
• up / down = tepaga / pastga: They climbed up the hill and ran down the other side.

Diqqat: to manzilga yetishni bildiradi (walk to school - maktabga yetdi), towards esa faqat yo'nalishni (walk towards school - maktab tomon, hali yetmadi).

5-bo'lim. O'zbek o'quvchilarining tipik xatolari (interferensiya)

Asosiy manba: o'zbekcha "-ga" universalligi va joy/yo'nalish farqining ona tilida sezilmasligi:

• Noto'g'ri: I go to home after school. -> To'g'ri: I go home after school. (Home to ni olmaydi - go home.)
• Noto'g'ri: Come to here, please. -> To'g'ri: Come here, please. (Here va there predlogsiz.)
• Noto'g'ri: She entered to the room quietly. -> To'g'ri: She entered the room quietly. (Enter to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'ldiruvchi oladi - enter to XATO; lekin go into the room to'g'ri.)
• Noto'g'ri: The boy jumped in the water. (harakat ma'nosida) -> To'g'ri: The boy jumped into the water. (Ichkariga harakat - into.)
• Noto'g'ri: We walked across the forest. -> To'g'ri: We walked through the forest. (O'rmon o'rab oladi - through; across ochiq yuza uchun.)
• Noto'g'ri: He is running to the door. (agar maqsad faqat yo'nalish bo'lsa) -> To'g'ri: He is running towards the door. (Tomon, yetmasdan - towards.)
• Noto'g'ri: We passed near the bazaar. (yonidan o'tish ma'nosida) -> To'g'ri: We walked past the bazaar. (Yonidan o'tib ketish - past.)
• Noto'g'ri: The bird flew across the wall. -> To'g'ri: The bird flew over the wall. (To'siq ustidan oshib - over.)
• Noto'g'ri: She put the cup on the table. (qo'yish harakatini urg'ulaganda) -> To'g'ri: She put the cup onto the table. (Ustiga qo'yish harakati - onto; oddiy joylashuvda on ham to'g'ri.)

6-bo'lim. Mashqlar

Mashq 1. To, into, onto yoki Ø qo'ying

1. After the lesson the children ran ___ the playground. -> to
2. Be careful! Don't fall ___ the river. -> into
3. The cat climbed ___ the wardrobe. -> onto
4. I usually go ___ home by bus. -> Ø (predlog kerak emas)

Mashq 2. Through, across yoki over?

1. We walked ___ the old bridge to reach the other side. -> across
2. The road goes ___ a dark tunnel under the mountain. -> through
3. The horse jumped ___ the low fence. -> over
4. A cold wind blew ___ the empty streets. -> through

Mashq 3. Xatoni toping va tuzating

1. She entered to the hall and sat down. -> entered the hall (to siz)
2. Let's go to home, I'm tired. -> go home
3. The children jumped in the swimming pool. -> into the pool (harakat)

Metodik maslahat: Yo'nalish predloglarini "sinf sayohati" bilan o'rgating: bitta o'quvchi turli buyruqlarni bajaradi, qolganlari to'g'ri predlogni aytadi. "Walk TO the door - go THROUGH it - come BACK - climb ONTO the chair - jump OFF it." Harakat va predlog birga bajarilganda, ma'no tanaga o'rnashadi. Ayniqsa into/onto ni jismoniy ko'rsatish (qutiga qo'l kirgizish, stol ustiga narsa qo'yish) statik in/on dan farqini yaqqol ochadi.

Qiziqarli faktlar (Did you know?)

• Ingliz tilida enter fe'li predlogsiz ishlatiladi (enter the room), chunki u lotincha "intrare" so'zidan kelgan va "into" ma'nosi allaqachon fe'l ichida. Shuning uchun "enter into" ortiqcha - garchi "enter into an agreement" (kelishuvga kirishmoq) mavhum ma'noda saqlanib qolgan.
• To va too hamda two bir xil talaffuz qilinadi [tu:] - ingliz tilidagi eng mashhur uch omonim. Shuning uchun "I want to go, too" jumlasida uchtasidan ikkitasi eshitilishda bir xil.
• Harakatni bildiruvchi ba'zi fe'llar predlogsiz ham yo'nalishni ifodalaydi: reach (reach the top), approach (approach the city), leave (leave the house) - bularga to yoki at qo'shish xato bo'ladi.
• Amerika inglizchasida "go through" imtihon yoki qiyinchilikni yengib o'tish ma'nosida ham keng ishlatiladi: "She went through a difficult time" - u qiyin davrni boshdan kechirdi. Predlog fazoviy ma'nodan majoziy ma'noga o'tgan.